Verbs have the following grammatical categories: two numbers: singular and plural; three persons: 1st, 2nd, 3rd; five moods: indicative, dubitative, imperative, conditional, subjunctive; two voices: active and passive

Verbs have the following grammatical categories: two numbers: singular and plural; three persons: 1st, 2nd, 3rd; five moods: indicative, dubitative, imperative, conditional, subjunctive; two voices: active and passive; three tenses: present, past, future; politeness; evidentiality: Uzbek contrasts direct information (reported directly) and indirect information (reported indirectly). Dialects Top Northern Uzbek dialects are usually divided into two groups: the “O” group, which includes the dialects of Tashkent, Samarkand, Bukhara and the surrounding regions, e.g., odam ‘man’ the “A” group, e.g., adam ‘man’. Structure Top Sound system Word order The normal word order in Uzbek is Subject – Object – Verb, but other word orders are possiblefor marking topic and comment in discourse, e.g., Men kitob yozdim ‘I book wrote’. Northern Uzbek is influenced by Arabic (through Islam) and by Russian from the time when Uzbekistan was under czarist and Soviet domination, e.g., magazin from Russian magazin ‘store,’ televizor from Russian televizor ‘TV set,’ telefon trubkasi ‘telephone receiver’ from Russian telefonnaya trubka. Unlike all other Turkic languages, Uzbek does not have vowel harmony, a type of phonological process that involves constraints on which vowels may be found near each otherGrammar Like all Turkic languages, Uzbek is agglutinative, i.e., grammatical relations are indicated by the addition of suffixes to stems. Uzbek Salom, салом – Hello Uzbek (O‘zbek tili/ Status Uzbekistan map Northern Uzbek Northern Uzbek is spoken by 21.3 million people in Uzbekistan. As a language where objects precede the verb, Uzbek has post-positions rather than prepositions, and relative clauses that precede the verb, e.g., Biz non haqida gapirdik ‘We bread about talked’. Southern Uzbek Southern Uzbek is a related language spoken by about 2.9 million people in Afghanistan. Noun phrase Uzbek nouns are marked for number (singular and plural). Verb phrase Verbs agree with their subjects in person and number. Vocabulary Uzbek lexicon is basically Turkic with borrowings from Arabic, Persian, and Russian. There are five cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative. There is no grammatical gender. Standard Uzbek is based on the Tashkent-Fergana dialect. There are no articles. Cases are marked by inflectional suffixes and governed by verbs and post-positions. Uzbek uses post-positions rather than prepositions to signal grammatical relationships. Uzbek is descended from Chagatai Turkic, an extinct Turkic language which once served as a lingua franca in Central Asia. There is a one-to-one relationship between suffixes and their meanings, so that suffixes are strung together one after another, sometimes resulting in long words. They are distinct languages whose speakers can understand each other only with difficulty due to differences in pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary. O’zbekcha, Ўзбек тили, أۇزبېك ﺗﻴﻠی) is a member of the Turkic branch of the Altaic language family. It is a provincial statutory language in several of the country’s northern provinces (Ethnologue). It is estimated that the total numbers of speakers of Uzbek worldwide is around 24 million (Ethnologue).