Variant – 1 Three basic concepts of science.

VARIANT – 13 
1. 
Theory. (definition) 
2.
Four characteristics of scientific method. (give short information about each of them) 
3. 
Write keywords and abstract for the following article: 
Postmodernism is a process that reflects the changes that have taken place in society and has 
taken on the status of a paradigm in the perception and perception of the world. 
Postmodernism is also seen as an assimilation of traditions and ironic approach to them. This 
process is important in the literary and social spheres itself. One of the main factors of 
postmodernism is the denial of the role of the individual in this creation, the concept of 
“author’s death”. 
Beginning in the 1950s and culminating in the late 1960s, the forces tending to fractionate 
social psychology came to the fore once more. This trend...has had deleterious consequences 
not only for social psychology as a whole but also for developments within each of its three 
faces. (House, 1977: 163) In the late 1970s the social psychology literature was littered with 
discussions describing the field as undergoing a period of self-criticism.... Practitioners within 
both psychology and sociology seemed to feel we had lost a clear sense of the central problems 
of the field. (McMahon, 1984: 121) It is almost commonplace to acknowledge the existence of 
a crisis in social psychology. But social psychologists have not linked the theoretic crisis with 
a larger crisis. (Wcxler, 1983: 1) 
According to James J. Dowd, he is a professor in the Department of Sociology, University of 
Georgia , although it may contradict the notion of a "crisis" (since, by definition, to ignore a 
crisis is to expose oneself to peril, that is, to incur whatever unwanted events that exist or may 
be imagined that constitute the nature of The Crisis), the be heavier of social psychologists in 
response to the crisis rhetoric nonetheless can fairly be characterized as one of casual 
inattention. To go about one's work in the middle of a crisis has proven to be, in effect, the best 
possible response. Crises, it seems, are good for business. Indeed, as one reflects upon the 
frequency with which social psychology seems to be facing crossroads or crises of one sort or 
another, it is not difficult to understand why a certain amount of skepticism with regard to such 
claims is not unreasonable. 
The remarkable outcome, were it to have occurred, would have been for researchers in this 
field, as a result of reading one or more of the jeremiads or hectoring critiques on the crisis in 
social psychology, to have complied with the suggestions of others that they change their 
research agenda in one or more not insignificant ways. Habits die hard and experimental social 
psychologists do not become field researchers merely in response to the criticisms of 
sociologists concerning laboratory methods. Furthermore, given the powerful intersection of 
economic and psychological motives to continue to produce the type of work that one has 
produced in the past, the rhetoric of crisis is easily dismissed, if not ignored altogether. 

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Postmodern thinkers frequently describe knowledge claims and value systems as contingent or 
socially-conditioned, describing them as products of political, historical, or cultural discourses 
and hierarchies. Accordingly, postmodern thought is broadly characterized by tendencies to 
self-referentiality, epistemological and moral relativism, pluralism, and irreverence.
Postmodernism relies on critical theory, which considers the effects of ideology, society, and 
history on culture. Critical theory and postmodernism commonly criticize universalist ideas of 
objective reality, morality, truth, human nature, reason, language, and social progress. 
Postmodernism is often associated with schools of thought such as deconstruction, 
poststructuralism, and institutional critique, as well as philosophers such as Jacques Derrida, 
Umberto Eco and Fredric Jameson.
One of the most important works written in the direction of postmodernism is Paulo Coelho’s 
The Alchemist. This work is a work that narrates the concept of “my own destiny”, a key 
concept at the heart of the shepherd boy Santiago’s travels. The fact that the work is written in 
a narrative style, like our folk tales, that the path of Santiago begins and ends in itself, like 
Maliksiddiq’s Master Khidr, meets in different ways on the path of Santiago. It is also a 
popular work due to its closeness to the spiritual world and beliefs of our nation. 
Postmodernism is a way of understanding and explaining current real events, that is, the world. 
It is also the way of literature, the way of art, the way of understanding the world, the way of 
feeling. However, it is not the last resort. As long as there are people, societies, their 
worldviews, aspirations and needs do not stop there. Human is always looking for a new way 
for himself and he is always on the lookout. As long as he is alive, the search will always 
continue. I would like to add that postmodern research can be seen not only in world literature 
but also in Uzbek literature, especially in prose. For example, in the works of O. Mukhtor, H. 
Dostmuhammad, N. Eshonkul and many other similar writers there are various manifestations 
of postmodernism. Hence, postmodernism has been, and continues to be, the most flourishing 
period of world literature in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Modern world literature and 
Uzbek literature are very diverse, mixed and complex phenomena, and the debate about it and 
its future is still ongoing. 

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