Vaksina olishda insonlarni nima ikkilantirmoqda. Psixologlar buni aniqlashdi

What Makes People Hesitate to Get Vaccinated? Psychologists Break It Down October 23, 2021 by ROSS G. MENZIES AND RACHEL E. MENZIES, THE CONVERSATION

Vaccines save lives, and have been doing so since the development of the smallpox vaccine more than 200 years ago.

However, for vaccines to keep entire communities safe they need to be taken up by very large proportions of the population. Only then can the vaccinated offer protection to the unvaccinated, known as "herd immunity".

Unfortunately, too often this doesn't occur. Hesitancy around the measles vaccine, for example, contributed to a 30 percent increase in cases globally in 2019.

So, why does vaccine hesitancy occur? There are many reasons, and these will differ between people.

But, as clinical psychologists who study anxiety and avoidance, we think one big factor is fear – specifically the fear of death, and how we manage that fear.

Vaksina olishda insonlarni nima ikkilantirmoqda. Psixologlar buni aniqlashdi.

Vaksinalar hayotimizni saqlaydi va 200 yildan ortiq muddatdan beri shunday qilib kelmoqda. Ammo, butun jamiyatni vaksina orqali himoya qilish uchun aholining katta qismi u bilan emlangan bo’lishi kerak. Faqat shundagina vaksina olganlar emlanmaganlarga buni qo’llab ko’rishlarini taklish qilishlari mumkin bo’ladi.

Bahtga qarshi, juda ko’p holatlarda bu sodir bo’lmaydi. Vaksina orqali kasallanish haqida ikkilanish, misol qilib aytganda jahon bo’yicha 2019 yilda 30% ga ortib ketdi. Ho’sh nima uchin insonlar vaksina olishda ikkilanishmoqda? Bunga bir qancha sabablar bor va bu insonlar o’rtasida turli hil fikrlar mavjud bo’lishiga olib kelmoqda.

Ammo shifokor-psihologlarning ta’kidlashicha, bizni emlanishdan ikkilantirayptgan narsa bu qo’rquv – ayniqsa vafot etish qo’rquvi, va biz bu qo’rquvdan qanday qutila olishimizni o’rganib chiqishdi.

Vaccination rates increasing, but fear still out there

According to the World Health Organization, vaccine hesitancy is one of the 10 leading threats to global health.

In the case of COVID, refusing or delaying vaccination has been a significant problem, with anti-vax and freedom marches dominating news cycles over recent months.

In Australia, the issue of vaccine hesitancy remains significant, despite some reports to the contrary.

Vaccine rates are on track to reach 85 percent or even more than 90 percent in many parts of the country. And last month, a Sydney Morning Herald survey showed only 9 percent of adults indicated they were unlikely to get vaccinated.

The article also claimed "vaccine fears have plunged to a record low".

Vaksina olishlar soni oshmoqda, ammo qo’rquv hamon biz bilan.

Jahon Sog’liqni saqlash tashkiloti ahborot berishiga ko’ra, vaksina olishdagi qo’rquv dunyo sog’ligiga tahdid solaytgan eng katta 10 ta havfdan biri hisoblanadi. Covid holatlari vujudga kelgan paytda, vaksina olishni kechiktirish yoki olmaslikka harakat qilish katta muammolarga sabab bo’lmoqda, bunda insonlar vaksinaga qarshi namoyishlar yangliklar sahifalarini to’ldirib yuborishmoqda.

Avstraliyada, bunga qarshi ko’plab ahborotlashtirishlarga qaramay vaksina olishda ikkilanish hali ham muhim o’rin egallamoqda. Emlanish holatlari 85% ga yetdi, ba’zi hududlarda esa bu ko’rsatkich 90% ni tashkil etdi. Va so’nggi oyda, Sidney tongi jurnali so’rovnomasiga ko’ra atigi 9% voyaga yetganlar vaksina olmasliklarini namoyish etishgan. Shuningdek “vaksina olishdagi ikkilanish judaham quyi kor’satgichga tushdi” shu haqida ahborot berdi ushbu jurnal.

Asteroids May Have Stolen The Oxygen From Earth's Ancient Atmosphere

For a period of Earth's history, between roughly 2.5 to 4 billion years ago, our planet was a punching bag for asteroids.

During this time, Earth was absolutely pelted with large space rocks, compared to the relative quiet of our existence today. This activity would have produced significant alterations to the chemistry of the planet's atmosphere – but the scale and shape of those alterations, especially the effect on oxygen levels, has been difficult to quantify.

Now, a study of tiny, once-molten particles in Earth's crust has revealed that these asteroid impacts were far more numerous than we had thought, which may have delayed the oxygenation of Earth's atmosphere.

These particles are called impact spherules, and they're created when an asteroid slams into Earth, generating such intense heat that the crust melts and sprays into the air.

Yer sayyorasining avvalgi atmosferasining kislorodi asteroidlar sabab yo’qolib ketgan bolishi mumkin.

Sayyoramiz tarihida, 2.5-4 ,illiard yillar ilgari yer asteroidlarning boks qopi vaifasini bajargan. Bu vaqtda esa, hozirgi sokin holatga taqqoslaganda, yer sayyoramiz asteroidlardan juda ham katta zarar ko’rgan.bu jarayon yer sayyoramiz atmosferasi kimyosida ulkan o’zgarishlarga sabab bo’lgan bo’lishi mumkin, ayniqsa kislorod darajasi, o’ta darajada kamayib ketgan. Asteroidlardan qolgan mitti zarrachalarni o’rganish davomida shunga duh keldikki, aslida holat yuqorida biz aytganimizdanda yomonroq, atmosferada umuman kislorod qoldirmaganini aniqladik. Bu zarachalar sferul deb atalib, ular asteroidlar yerga urilganda paydo bo’lgan va u katta darajadagi issiqlik bilan yerning qattiq qavatini eritib yuborgan va bu havoga chiqgan, natijada yerdagi kislorodlar miqdori kamaya boshlagan.

Breakthrough Discovery Shows Vikings Were Active in North America 1,000 Years Ago

New archaeological evidence has allowed scientists to refine the timeline for the Viking presence in North America.

Pieces of wood scarred with cut marks have been precisely dated to the year 1021 CE – exactly 1,000 years ago – and the metal tools that made those marks were not produced by the indigenous population, according to a team of archaeologists led by the University of Groningen in the Netherlands.

Vikings, however, did make and use metal tools, and were known to have settled at the archaeological site of L'Anse aux Meadows, where the wood was found.

1000 yillar ilgari Vikinglar shimoliy amerikada mavjud bo’lishgani haqida muvaffaqiyatli izlanishlar.

Yangi arxeologik topilmalar olimlarning Vikinglarni shimoliy amerikada mavjud bo’lgan degan fikrlariga asos bo’ldi. Belgilar orqali kesilgan yog’och bo’laklari bundan 1021 ilgari bajarilganini ko’rsatdi, yan’i ropppa rosa 1000 yil ilgari va ushbu belgilarni qo’yishda ishlarilgan metal qurollar ibtidoiy odamlar qilmaganligini bildirishi haqida Niderlandiyadagi Groningen universiteti tadqiqodchi arxeologlar jamoasi tomonidan ilgari surildi. Vikinglar shuningdek, ushbu qurollarni yasagan va foydalangan, yana ular ushbu yog’och bo’laklari topilgan Lanse auks Medovs arheologik hududda istiqomat qilishgan.

Humans Are Actually Terrible at Navigating Cities, Study of Over 14,000 People Shows

October 19, 2021 by MICHELLE STARR

We design cities. We live in them. We work in them, and we have fun in them. But boy howdy are we bad at getting around them.

According to mobile phone data from over 14,000 people living their daily lives, humans are terrible at calculating the shortest route through city streets. And the reason is really simple: our brains want us to face the direction we are going in, even if that's not the most efficient way of getting to our destination.

An international team of researchers led by MIT have now called this the 'pointiest path', and believe it occurs because our brains prioritize other tasks at the cost of navigational efficiency.

"There appears to be a trade-off that allows computational power in our brain to be used for other things – 30,000 years ago, to avoid a lion, or now, to avoid a perilous SUV," says architect and engineer Carlo Ratti of MIT's Senseable City Laboratory.

Insonlarning shaharlarda yo’l ko’rsatish qobiliyati yaxshi emas. 14,000 dan ortiq insonlar bilan ushbu holat bo’yicha tadqiqod o’tkazildi.

Biz shaharlarni loyihalaymiz. Biz unda yashaymiz. Biz unda ishlaymiz, ko’ngli hushlik qilamiz. Ammo bola qanchalik qiynaladi uni kezib yurishda.

14000 dan ortiq insonlarning uyali aloqa vositalari ma’lumotiga ko’ra, bizning shahar ko’chalari bo’ylab eng qisqa yo’llarni topish qobiliyatmiz qoniqarsiz. Sababi esa nihoyatda oddiy: bizning miyamiz biz bormoqchi bo’lgan yo’nalishni ko’rishimizni hohlaydi, bu manzilga yetishning eng yaxshi usul bo’lmasa ham. Halqaro MIT tadqiqodchilari ushbu holatni “eng muhim yo’l” deb nomladi va buning sababi bizning ongimiz yo’l ohtarishdan ko’ra boshqa vazifalarni muhimroq deb hisblaydi.

“Bu yerda shunday muvozanat borki, u ongimizni boshqa narsalarga ham taqsimlay oladigan ya’ni bundan 30000 yil ilgari sherlar, hozir esa katta avtomobillarga e’tiborli bo’lish kabi holatlarga javob beradigan” deb aytadi arxitektor va muhandis Karo Ratti.

The Cold Hard Truth on Why You Should Never Crunch Ice With Your Teeth

October 19, 2021 by MATTHEW COOKE, THE CONVERSATION

As a pediatric dentist, I sometimes get questions from parents and patients about chewing ice. They generally want to know why some people enjoy doing it and whether it can harm teeth.

Ice chewing or crunching may bother those seated around the table, but it's a soothing activity, especially for someone experiencing dry mouth.

It may also help relieve stress or aid with relaxation. In some cases, people may chew ice to satisfy hunger cravings because it can mimic the sensation of eating without ingesting calories.

For others, chomping on ice cubes may simply be a habit.

Nima uchun muzni tishlamasligimiz haqida sovuq qattiq haqiqat.

Pediatr tish shifokori sifatida men ota-onalar va bemorlardan juda ham ko’p muzni chaynash haqida savolga tutilaman. Ular haqiqatda ham nima uchun ba’zi insonlar muzni chaynashdan zavqlanishari va undan kasal bo’lmasliklari haqida qiziqishadi. Dasturxon ustida muzni shaynash yoki shimish to’g’ri hioblanmaydi, ammo bu chindan ham yoqimli mashg’ulot, ayniqsa og’zi qurib qolgan paytda. U shunungdek stressdan halos qilishi va dam olishga yordam berishi mumkin. Ba’zi holatlarda esa , insonlar ochlikdan qutilish uchun muzdan foydalanishadi ya’ni oshqozon huddi ovqat iste’mol qilaytogandek bo’ladi ammo muzdan hechqanday kaloriya olmaydi. Boshqalar uchun esa bu shunchaki odat tusiga aylangan.

Study Shows Why Mixing Your Sunscreens Might Not Be a Good Thing to Do

October 17, 2021 by CARLY CASSELLA

Sunscreens that are safe and effective on their own might not work as well when mixed together. In certain combinations, new research suggests they might even create toxic byproducts.

Zinc oxide is increasingly marketed as a safe, 'chemical-free' alternative to other sunscreens on the shelf, but that depends on what it's served with.

If this inorganic sunblock is put under or on top of other organic sunscreens, researchers say most of the ultraviolet rays from the Sun aren't blocked as well as either product on its own.

Researchers found that the mix would degrade the organic UV- filters, reducing their effectiveness and generating potentially toxic products.

In the current study, the potential toxicity of sunscreens was only tested on zebrafish, not humans, but these creatures are genetically very similar to ourselves.

Tadqiqod nima uchun Quyosh nurlaridan himoyalovchi kremlar aralashmasi yaxshi emasligini aniqladi.

Foydali va hatarsiz oftob nurlaridan saqlovchi kremlar boshqa shu kabi kremlar bilan aralashganda o’z holicha ta’sir etmasligi mumkin. Ushbu aralashmada, tadqiqod shuni ko’rsatadiki, hattoki zaharli mahsulot yuzaga kelishi mumkin.

Savdosi yuqori Sink oksid havfsiz deya sotilgan, kimyoviy qo’shilmalarsiz deb sotilgan ushbu mahsulotning ta’siri u nima bilan birga qo’llanishi uning natijasini ko’rsatib beradi. Agar ushbu noorganik mahsulot boshqa organik mahsulotlar ustidan yoki ostidan surtilgan bo’lsa, ko’plab ultra binafsha nurlaridan himoyalanmagan hisoblanadi shuningdek mahsulotning o’zi ham. Olimlarning aniqlashicha bir necha quyosh nurlaridan saqlovchi kremlarning birga ishlatilishi ultra-binnafsha nurlariga qarishi kurashish qobiliyatini kamaytiradi, uning foydalilik hususiyatini kamaytiriadi hamda zaharli moddaga ham aylanishi mumkin.
Ushbu tadqiqodda quyosh nurlariga qarshi kremning zaharli ta’siri faqatgina zebra baliqda sinab ko’rildi, insonlarda emas, ammo ushbu baliqlar genetic jihatdan inson organizmiga juda ham o’xshash.

Horse Riding More Dangerous Than Skiis And Motorcycles, Injury Data Reveal

October 16, 2021 by MIKE MCRAE

For many people in the United States, a horse is likely to be a partner in sport and leisure, rather than labor. Yet it's a pleasure that comes at a potential price, one many riders need to take more seriously.

A study on a decade's worth of data from the US National Trauma Data Bank has revealed just how many people have landed themselves in hospital as a result of injuries sustained while horse riding.

The short of it is: If you're the kind of person who thinks a weekend dashing down the snowy slopes isn't worth the risk of a broken bone, you might want to steer clear of the saddle. Matched hour for hour, horseback riding resulted in more trips to the hospital than skiing.

Ot minish mashg’uloti chang’I uchish va motosikl haydashdan ko’ra havfliroq ekanligi aniqlandi, Jarohatlar haqidagi ahborot e’lon qilindi.

Qo’shma Shtatlarning ko’plab aholisi uchun ot faqatgina mehnatda emas balki sport hamda bo’sh vaqtlari uchun hamroh ham hisoblanadi. Ha bu albatta yoqimli mashg’ulot ammo bir qancha ot minuvchilar bunga jiddiy qarashlari kerak bo’ladi.