В пособии рассматриваются основные моменты английской грамматики: части речи имя существительное, имя прилагательное и наречие; видо-временные формы глагола; модальные глаголы; неличные формы глагола

10. Misrelated participles

A participle is considered to belong to the noun/pronoun which precedes
it:
Tom, horrified at what he had done, could at first say nothing.
Romeo, believing that Juliet was dead, decided to kill himself.
A man carrying a large parcel got out of the bus.
Note that the participle may be separated from its noun/pronoun by a main
verb:
Jones and Smith came in, followed by their wives.
She rushed past the policeman, hoping he wouldn't ask what she had in
her suitcase.
If there is no noun/pronoun in this position the participle is considered to
belong to the subject of the following main verb:
Stunned by the blow, Peter fell heavily. (Peter had been stunned.)
Believing that he is alone, the villain expresses his thoughts aloud.
If this principle is disregarded confusion results.
Waiting for a bus a brick fell on my head makes it appear that the brick
was waiting for a bus, which is nonsense.
A participle linked in this way to the wrong noun/pronoun is said to be
'misrelated'. The above sentence should be rewritten As I was waiting for a
bus a brick fell on my head. Other examples of misrelated participles:
When using this machine it must be remembered . . .
Correct form: When using this machine you must remember . . .
Believing that I was the only person who knew about this
beach, the sight of someone else on it annoyed me very much.
Correct form: As / believed I was the only person etc.
or Believing that I was the only person on the beach, I was an
noyed by the sight of someone else.

REPORTED SPEECH

1. Main points

Direct speech means the words actually spoken. We put direct speech in
quotation marks (‘I’m bored’). We use it when we want to repeat the exact
words.
But usually there is no need to repeat the exact words. In reported speech we
only give the meaning of what was said (He said he’s bored.)
Report structures contain two clauses. The first clause is the reporting clause,
which contains a reporting verb such as say, tell, ask. If we report people’s
thoughts and feelings we may use verbs as think, feel, believe, etc.
The second clause in a report structure is the reported clause, which contains
the information that you are reporting. The reported clause can be a ‘that’-
clause, a ‘to’-infinitive clause, an ‘if’-clause, or a ‘wh’-word clause.
The boy said that he didn’t do it.
The boss told me to type this letter.
Jane asked if she could take that book.
He asked where to put it.