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15. Exclamations and yes/no
А. Exclamations usually become statements in reported speech. The
exclamation mark disappears.
1. Exclamations beginning What (a)... or How... can be reported
a) by exclaim/say that:
He said, ‘What a disgusting smell!’ or ‘How disgusting!’
He exclaimed that it was a disgusting smell /was disgusting.
or b) by give an exclamation of delight/disgust/horror/relief/surprise etc.
c) If an exclamation is followed by an action we can use the
construction
with an exclamation of delight/disgust etc. + he/she etc + verb
2. Other types of exclamation, such as Good! Marvelous! Splendid!
Heavens! Oh! Ugh! etc. can be reported as in (b) or (c) above:
‘Good! he exclaimed.
He gave an exclamation of pleasure/satisfaction.
‘Ugh!’ she exclaimed and turned the programme off.
With an exclamation of disgust she turned the programme off.
Other examples:
He said, ‘Thank you!’ = He thanked me.
He said, ‘Curse this rain!’ = He cursed the fog.
He said, ‘Good luck!’ = He wished me luck.
He said, ‘Congratulations!’ = He congratulated me.
He said, ‘Liar!’ = He called me a liar.
He said, ‘Damn!’ etc. = He swore.
The notice said: WELCOME TO THE CONGRESS!
The notice welcomed the members of the congress.
В. yes and no are expressed in reported speech by subject + appropriate
auxiliary verb:
He said, ‘Can you dive? and I said ‘No’
He asked (me) if I could dive and I said I couldn’t.
He said, ‘Will you have time to help me?’ and I said ‘Yes’
He asked if I would have time to help him and I said that I would.
16. Reported speech: mixed types
Direct speech may consist of statement + question, question + command,
command + statement, or all three together.
1. Normally each requires its own introductory verb:
‘I have left my watch at home. Can you tell me the time?’ he asked.
He said he had left his watch at home and asked me
if I could tell him the time.
2. But sometimes, when the last clause is a statement which helps to explain
the first, we can use as instead of a second introductory verb:
‘You’d better take an umbrella. It looks like rain,’ he said.
He advised me to take an umbrella as it looked like rain.
3. Sometimes the second introductory verb can be a participle:
‘Please, don’t drive too fast! The rain has just stopped and the
roads are wet,’ she said.
She begged him not to drive too fast, reminding him that the rain had stopped some minutes before and the roads were/are wet.
Appendix 1
WAYS OF TRANSLATING RUSSIAN PARTICIPLES
AND ADVERBIAL PARTICIPLES
PARTICIPLES
Active Voice
бросающий.......……….....................................................................throwing
Мальчик, бросающий камни в пруд, мой брат.
The boy throwing stones into the pond is my brother.
бросавший……......................(simultaneity).……......………............throwing
Мальчики, бросавшие камни в пруд, громко смеялись.
The boys throwing stones into the pond were laughing loudly.
.………..........…….(priority)…....….. who threw (has thrown, had
thrown, had been throwing)
Мальчик, броcавший камни в собаку, был наказан отцом.
The boy who had been throwing stones at the dog
was punished by his father.
бросивший...........................................................who threw (has/had thrown)
Мальчик, бросивший камень в собаку, был наказан отцом.
The boy who had thrown a stone at the dog was punished
by his father.
Passive Voice
бросаемый.....................(at present moment, period)………....being thrown
Камни, бросаемые мальчиками, падают в воду.
The stones being thrown by the boys are falling into the water.
.................……..(usually, regularly)……...................…..thrown
Камни, бросаемые в воду, идут ко дну.
Stones thrown into the water go to the bottom.
брошенный.............................................................………...............thrown
Камень, брошенный мальчиком, долетел до противоположного
берега.
The stone thrown by the boy reached the opposite bank.
Reflexive Participles with Passive Meaning
строящийся...................(at present moment, period)……….......being built
Большой дом, строящийся на нашей улице, новая школа.
The large house being built in our street is a new school.
...……..............(usually, regularly).…...............................built
Здания, строящиеся в нашем городе каждый год,
в основном многоэтажные дома.
The houses built in our city every year are mostly large blocks of flats.
строившийся……….............................................................................built
Он показал мне несколько домов, строившихся его компанией.
He showed me some houses built by his company.
................(at certain moment, period)…..which was being built
Мне понравился дом, строившийся на берегу реки.
I liked the house which was being built on the bank of the river.
ADVERBIAL PARTICIPLE
бросая ...............................................................................................throwing
Мальчики стояли на берегу реки, бросая камни в воду.
The boys stood on the bank throwing stones into the water.
......………….....manner (in what way?)..............................by throwing
Мальчик мешал им ловить рыбу, бросая камни в воду.
The boy prevented them from fishing by throwing stones
into the water.
бросив 1. cause …....................................................................having thrown
Бросив мяч в воду, он не смог достать его.
Having thrown the ball into the water, the boy couldn’t get it back.
2. time .............(succession of actions)……………..... (on) throwing
Бросив диск во второй раз он установил новый рекорд.
(On) throwing the discus a second time, he set a new record.
time...….....(an interval between actions) ........…… having thown,
after throwing
Бросив последний камень в воду, он ушел домой.
He went home having thrown the last stone into the water.
3. attendant circumstances………...................................…. throwing
Он побежал к мальчику, бросив ему мач.
He ran to the boy throwing him a ball.
4. manner.……….......(how?)........………........................... throwing
Он привлек внимание брата, бросив ему мяч.
He draw his brother’s attention throwing him a ball.
......... (how, in what way?)..……..........…….. by throwing
Он перестал играть с братом, бросив мяч через забор.
He stopped playing with his brother by throwing the ball
over the fence.
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