partner’s attention to conversation.
If these dialogue experiences are developed, learners can
afford to exchange their ideas.
The more widened form of dialogue is group speech (more than
two learners). To speak in pairs or in groups in foreign language
is organized by means of inclination or motivation. Such factors of
motivation (inclination) includes demonstration, listened or read
text, film transparency film or extract), slides and of course
verbal speech situations. They are very important especially at the
early stage of speaking.
There are received, reproductive and constructive stages of
teaching dialogue. In first stage learner listens teacher’s speech and
comprehends it. In reproductive stage learner make his/her own
phrase imitating given sample and learner may learn text by
heart at home, and retell the text with some changes.
While expressing ideas it can be used both a separate word and
even the whole text as a speech material. For example: What is your
name? –The word «name» is the replica of the answer. Dialogue is
considered situational whereas monologue is a speech based on an
exact topic. That’s why it monologue is somehow more complicated
than dialogue.
There are some stages of teaching monologues according to the
theme:
1. Using the experience of language and personal life
2. Expressing ideas gradually
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3. Make all the spoken information together
4. Showing one’s own opinion
When the learner uses language experience he/she tries to
utilize its most necessary linguistic and lexical sides. So, for
showing what you think, principals of language and moving them
into speech are also important. In the first stage, forming exercises
are very helpful. In the next stage it is better to use developing
exercises. And then some exercises are done by learners as:
examples from real daily and family life and then let the pupils tell
these examples in turn. Content of speech is more deeply expressed
than using experience.
In the next step, all the information will be expressed in an
integrated form. While speaking learners feel free and will be more
independent. And they use the facts which they got from reading
and listening. When they manage to get to the peak of speaking on
the exact topic, they do some exercises like: using some facts
corresponding to the topic, showing personal attitude towards some
events. During this period they use widely some phrases and word
combinations as: «to my mind», «it is clear that», «there is no
doubt», «I believe that» etc.
With the help of the following stages we can show clearly how
to teach monologues
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:
1. With the help of teacher using speech examples
Telling it with some changes
a) inner lexical change
b) enrichment
c) transformation (changing the form)
e) finishing (ompleting)
Using it independently
2. Learners express their opinions according to the teachers’ help
3. Learners show their speaking ability with the help of verbal
and visual aids without teachers’ support.
In the end, learners make a kind of connected text, and their
opinions will be ready about this topic.
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Рогова Г.В. Методика обучения иностранному языку в средней школе. - М., 1991.
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