3.2. The main periods of teaching foreign languages in
Uzbekistan
The main periods of teaching FL in Uzbekistan were defined by
R.A.Zaripova
75
and some periods was clarified and added by
J.J.Jalalov
76
. Taking into consideration J.J.Jalalov’s clarifications
the history of teaching and learning FL in Uzbekistan can be divided
into the following periods:
- the I period – before 1917;
- the II period – from 1917 up to the beginning of 1930;
- the III period – from 1930 up to the first half of 1940;
74
See the book by J.J.Jalolov: Bartold V.V. History of cultural life of Turkestan. V.1, p. 1. - M:
Publishing house of east literature. 1961. - P. 297.
75
Зарипова Р.А. Изучение иностранных языков в Туркестане (1865-1924 гг.) Нукус:
Каракалпакстан, 1971. – 152 с.
76
Jalolov J.J. Chet til o‘qitish metodikasi. Foreign Languages Teaching Methodology. -Toshkent:
O‘qituvchi, 2012. -P-133-144.
105
- the IV period – from the middle of 1940 up to the beginning of
1960;
- the V period – from 1960 up to the beginning of 1970;
- the VI period – from 1970 up to 1990;
- the VII period – from 1991 – to the present time.
The specifics of the first four periods (I, II, III, IV) can be
characterized with reference to J.J. Jalolov and A.A. Klevan’s
article
77
.
At the first period the West-European languages were taught at
Cadet Corps and the Russian gymnasiums were opened in Tashkent,
Samarkand, Ferghana (former Scobelev), Kokand and Andijan. But
the children of workers had no opportunity to study there.
At gymnasiums for the boys the German and French languages
were compulsory. The local population studied at maktabs and
madrasahs, where the Arabic and Persian languages were taught.
But the level of the language proficiency was very low.
In Turkestan FL teaching was based on grammar-translating
methods under Russian educational traditions. Then they gave «the
green light» to the direct method (without a native language as a
mediator) within which the oral speech was paid a great attention
to
78
.
After the October Revolution the system of education was
rebuilt. Teaching FL was introduced into the teaching plans of
schools; the number of schools where English became compulsory
was increased. However, FL was not taught at all schools because
the shortage of FL teachers. It was necessary to train FL teachers, so
in 1918 the Turkistan Oriental Institute was established.
During 1920-1922 the qualified FL teachers moved to
Turkestan from Moscow and Petrograd. In 1920 the Turkestan State
University was opened, that laid down the basis of development of
national culture of the population of Central Asia.
In 1924 the Turkistan Oriental Institute was reconstructed and
became one of the divisions (oriental faculty) of the Turkestan State
77
Джалалов Д.Д., Клевань А.А. К истории преподавания иностранных языков в Узбекистане.//
Ученые запискаю Вып. 7. -Т. НИИПН, 1964. -С.320-336.
78
Зарипова Р.А. Изучение иностранных языков в Туркестане (1865-1924 гг.) Нукус:
Каракалпакстан, 1971. – C. 145.
106
University, which focused on FL teaching. After formation of the
Uzbek Socialist Republic FL were taught at some schools with the
Russian language orientation. Especially the German language
dominated; the ex-prisoners of war from the Austria-Hungarian
Army and the gymnasium teachers were invited as the German
teachers. Most of them had no imagination about the methodology
of FL teaching which caused a low language performance. At that
time FL were not taught at the Uzbek schools because they were
dealing with primary education. Only at the Pedagogical College FL
was introduced because they trained FL teachers.
Beginning with 1926-1927 the 7-year Uzbek schools were
opened, where FL were introduced gradually. Thus, it became
necessary to open FL courses for teachers’ training.
In 1932 the Decree «On curriculums and conditions of the
primary and secondary education» was approved, where the
necessity of obtaining the knowledge of one of the FL by all
students was proposed. In 1935 the Decree «On conditions and
objectives of the primary and secondary education» was announced
which intended the elaboration of measures for improvement
schools’ activity and development of the 7-year education in the
rural areas of Uzbekistan. FL as a curricular subject was introduced
at all Uzbek and Russian schools in cities and towns of the republic.
In 1936-1937 the English language was taught at 20 schools, the
French language – at 5 schools of the republic.
During that period the textbooks and other teaching materials
were worked out for schools. The first original German text-book
for the 5-th form of the Uzbek schools was published in 1935. The
advantage of this text-book was: it recommended a combined
method of teaching aimed at speaking, translation, acquiring
grammar and pronunciation sub-skills with the help of comparative
analysis of the Uzbek and German sounds and structures, using
various visual aids.
Beginning with 1940 the German textbooks were reworked out
by the local German language teachers taking into consideration the
specifics of the Uzbek language. The first German-Uzbek languages
dictionary was compiled in 1940.
107
The period of the Second World War was characterized with
extending the FL teaching at schools given the military time needs,
requirements and conditions. The development of FL education was
continued in the post-war period. In 1947 the Decrees «On
improvement of FL teaching at schools» and «On FL teachers
training», then in 1948 «On improvement of FL teaching at schools
of Uzbekistan and organization of FL teachers training» were
adopted by the Cabinet of Ministers. This authority obliged the
Ministry of Education to provide compulsory teaching of one of the
FL (English, French, German and Spanish) at all urban schools.
That’s why under the Ministry of Education a special division of FL
and the section of the Higher Teaching-methodological Council to
help teachers’ activity and improve FLT were founded. The staff of
methodologist-inspectors of FLT was set out in Tashkent and other
regional Education departments and institutes of teachers advanced
training. Training of FL teachers was carried out at the Tashkent
pedagogical institute and at the philology faculty of Samarkand state
university. In 1948-1949 in Uzbekistan there was a mass
introduction of FLT at 5-10 forms of schools, and at some schools
learning of FL began at the 3-d form.
In 1954 the faculty of FL was founded in Karakalpakstan
Pedagogical Institute. Beginning with 1956-1957 the Arabic, Farsi,
Chinese, Hindi and Urdu languages have been taught at schools.
In 1957 the first collection «The matters of the FL teaching
methodology» was published by the Ministry of Education of
Uzbekistan.
Dealing with four periods in the history of FL teaching in
Uzbekistan the following matters have been considered:
1. In the first period FL in the Uzbek educational institutions
were divided into two categories: the first – Eastern languages in the
clergy educational institutions; the second – at Russian-speaking
schools – the European languages. The local methodical materials
for Uzbeks were not published.
2. Scientific research works in the sphere of methodology of FL
teaching appeared in the middle of 1950. Prior to that, local
textbooks, the methodical materials, and scientific books were not
published in Uzbekistan.
108
3. Russian methodology was widely used which was not
appropriate for local educational conditions because it didn’t take
into consideration the national context.
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