Uzbekistan state world languages university

i, Morphological level studies the smallest meaningful unit of a language - morpheme. The term morpheme is derived from Greek morphe ‘form’ + - I’liie.The Greek suffix -erne has been adopted by linguists to denote the smallest 'tl|inilicant ordistinctiveunit.
I Morphological typology is a way of classifying the languages of the world that [■mops languages according to their common morphological structures.
I Analytic languages show a low ratio of morphemes to words; in fact, the inirespondence is nearly one-to-one. Sentences in analytic languages are composed of IihImpendent root morphemes.
У Synthetic languages form words by affixing a given number of dependent iih nphcmes to a root morpheme.

11. 
    Due to the presence and absence of word forms (prefixes, infixes, suffixes)
    

liinguage, words are divided into those, which have affixes, and those, which do no! have them.
/, Language that does not have affixes is called Isolate: Chinese, Japanese.
It, When a word is a whole sentence, this type is called Polysynthetic
(Amcrican-Indian languages). These languages have a high morpheme-to-word inlio, a highly regular morphology, and thetendency for verb forms to include morphemes that refer to several arguments besides the subject.
Agglutinative languages have words containing several moiphemes that are always I Inuiy differentiable from one another in that each morpheme represents only one |i,inmmatical meaning and the boundaries between those morphemes are easily demarcated; lluil is, the bound moiphemes are affixes, and they may be individually identified.

10. 
    Morphemes in fusional languages are not readily distinguishable from the root or iimong themselves. Several grammatical bits of meaning may be fused into one affix. Moiphemes may also be expressed by internal phonological changes in the root (i.e. morphophonology), such as consonant gradation and vowel gradation, or by suprasegmental Inilurcs such as stress or tone, which are of course inseparable from the root.
    
11. 
    The term grammatical category is based on grammar. It means the combination of the meaning, its form. (eg. Work+s =works / cat.of tense).
    

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12. 
    The term '‘morphology” is a Greek word (“morphe” - a form and “logos” a word/science.
    
13. 
    A morpheme which has bilateral phenomenon - the form and its meaning is the main unit of themorphological level.
    
14. 
    V.V.Humboldt was the founder of morphological typology.
    
15. 
    The noun is a word expressing substance in the widest sense. The concept substance includes the names of living beings, lifeless things, abstract notions and etc.
    
16. 
    The noun has the category of number - singular and plural.
    
17. 
    Nouns have two cases in English, six in Uzbek and Russian.
    
18. 
    Nouns have agrammatical categoiy of gender in Russian but not in English and Uzbek.
    
19. 
    The noun has the category of possessiveness in Uzbek but not in English.
    

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Seminar 5
Typology of morphological level of English, Uzbek and
Russian Languages
► Classroom activities