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2.Ernest Hemingway`s influence on the American Literature
Ernest Hemingway had a tremendous influence on the culture of the twentieth century. However, he was a very fashionable writer, but fashion is often changeable, and, as always happens with fashionable writers, it very often passes. The fashion for Hemingway has really passed. His finest hour was the 1950s and 60s, when the macho type became popular. Everywhere, not only in America, but also in Russia and Europe, a portrait of Hemingway was distributed — a manly face with a slightly sly squint, a neat beard, a coarse knit sweater. They were inspired by those people who wanted to be "infusedreal men", or those women who wanted to see "real men" next to them.
For some literary critics of the mid-twentieth century, such as, say, Edmund Wilson, he was the "cornerstone of the generation" to which Wilson himself belonged. Other critics - no less famous than Wilson—believed that it was difficult to find a more limited writer than him, that it was as if that was why his characters were so silent and soulless, they only liked boxing, bullfighting, fighting, trout fishing and other "male consolations" of a low level; there was nothing to say about his writing style, it was so minimalistic, "graphic", and to be more precise, it was flattered. It is not surprising that the latter were given the nickname "parricides" in the USA, because Hemingway was called nothing but "dad" all over the world.Unlike the USA, he was recognized unconditionally as a "dad" here, although for some reason the publication of one of his best novels, "For whom the Bell Tolls," was postponed for a long time.
In a country recently freed from the shackles of despotism, from which God was beaten out for many years, in which several generations of boys and girls grew up, deprived of grandfathers, fathers and older brothers, he literally breathed hope for a new life, became a "guardian of family hearths", a "confidant", a "symbol of the "thaw", and his books were "a court of honor and feelings" and "the key to success in a new life." Hemingway's prose became the cementing compound, without which the generation of the Sixties, if it had developed, would certainly soon disintegrate, leaving no good memory behind.
His "bearded" photo portrait in a fisherman's sweater (from Dior) and the first two-volume book, "dressed in a monk's robe", with a preface and comments by Ivan Kashkin, stood in almost every intelligent house in the most prominent - yes, in a prominent, honorable place — and they worked like a "friend-foe" system.Young people fell in love and dispersed like the heroes of his works, fought and drank, went to the mountains and searched for their island in the ocean or a cat in the rain, or the dried-up frozen corpse of a leopard, which lies almost at the very top of the western peak of Kilimanjaro, called by the Maasai tribe "Ngaye-Ngaya", which means "House of God".
Only jazz could compare with the influence that Hemingway exerted on our compatriots in the 60s. American. However, American jazz also went under his prose then. His books are very lively and truthful, because he wrote about what he saw with his own eyes, learned throughout his life and felt for himself.
In his works, he described life with its diversity and unpredictability. The manner of his writing is characterized by simplicity of presentation, brevity of formulations and saturation of images. His style was new in the literature of the last century and had a great influence on its formation.
Hemingway of all the writers (and he reread mountains of books) was most influenced by Leo Tolstoy, he loved "War and Peace" very much. The Russian realist impressed Hemingway with his frankness and sharpness in revealing the topic of social evil.
Hemingway, who compared literature to boxing, spoke about Tolstoy's greatness like this: "I started very modestly and beat Mr. Turgenev‒" he said. - Then - it cost a lot of effort ‒ I beat Monsieur de Maupassant. I had a draw with Mr. Stendhal twice, but I think I won on points in the last round. But nothing will make me enter the ring against Mr. Tolstoy."
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