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4. Frank Norris's brilliant works contributed to the development of American literature.
Frank Norris was born in Chicago, Illinois, in 1870 to Benjamin Norris, a private entrepreneur, and Gertrude Norris, who was pursuing an acting career. In 1884 the Norris family moved to San Francisco, where Benjamin Norris went into real estate. In 1887, after the death of his brother and a short and unsuccessful trip to London, the seventeen-year-old Norris entered the prestigious Académie Julian in Paris, where he studied painting for two years. The family stayed with him for about a year, after which Norris' parents returned to America. Young Frank was left alone until his father discovered that instead of painting, Frank was busy writing fairy tales about medieval knights and insisted on returning his son home. In 1890, Frank Norris transferred to the University of California at Berkeley, where, at the insistence of his father, he studied until 1894. During these years, Norris is fond of Darwin's theory of evolution, which later manifested itself in his works. In early 1892 he published the romantic poem Yvernell, A Tale of Feudal France. During his years at Berkeley, Norris published several stories in a student publication at Berkeley and in The Wave magazine in San Francisco, beginning the first chapters of McTeague.After the divorce of his parents, no longer feeling obliged to continue his father's work, and without receiving a degree, Frank left the University of California, and in 1895 entered Harvard to study writing. Lewis Edward Gates, who taught in the department of English literature, had the greatest influence on him at Harvard University. It was during these years and under the influence of his teacher that Norris read the works of French writers, in particular, Zola and Flaubert. At Harvard, he writes a Zola-style novel, Vandover and the Brute, about the spiritual impoverishment of man, and continues to work on McTeague, completed later in California. In 1894 - 1896 Norris was a correspondent for the Chronicle (San Francisco) newspaper in South Africa, and in 1896 - 1897 he worked as an assistant editor and led a weekly column "Little Street Dramas" in The San Francisco Wave magazine. ). In 1909, these essays and stories were published as a separate book called The Third Circle. The story Moran of the Lady Letty, published in 1898 with sequels in The Wave, was then published by Doubleday and Maclure, and Norris was invited to work in his New York department. In 1898, Norris worked in Cuba as a reporter for McClure's Magazine covering the Spanish-American War. In 1899 he published the novels "Maktigue" and "Blix" (Eng. Blix). Working as a publishing consultant, he recommended the novel "Sister Carrie" by Theodore Dreiser for publication. In 1899, Norris announced the idea of an epic trilogy about the modern stage of the history of American civilization, where the central "character" would be wheat, embodying the forces of nature. In 1900 Frank Norris married Janet Black. In 1901 they had a child. Norris publishes a series of novels about speculation on the Chicago stock exchange - The Octopus (Eng. The Octopus, 1901), The Pit: A Story of Chicago (Eng. The Pit: A Story of Chicago, 1903). Death from appendicitis in San Francisco on October 25, 1902 prevented the creation of the final novel, The Wolf, and the next trilogy, about the American Civil War.The work is considered the first great portrait of a society of money-grubbers in American literature. With the publication of his novel McTeague in 1899, he established his reputation and joined Theodore Dreiser in the forefront of American writers. Despite their romanticizing tendencies, Norris's novels provide a vividly authentic and easily read picture of life in California at the turn of the 20th century. Literary critics consider the writings of Frank Norris, especially his earlier novel McTeague, to mark the very first experiments in the American direction of naturalism. Naturalism is often spoken of alongside realism because both arose in response to the same trends. His story "The Wheat Deal" (1903) and the novel "The Pit" formed the basis of D. Griffith's book in the film "A Corner in the Wheat". Norris' McTeague has been filmed numerous times, most famously the 1924 film Greed, directed by Erich von Stroheim, which is now considered a silent film classic. Opera 1992. A work in two acts to a libretto by Arnold Weinstein and Robert Altman. In the presentation of the Lyric Opera, Ben Heppner played the title role and Catherine Malfitano played Trina, the dentist's wife.In 1901, writer Frank Norris published The Octopus. It described greed and corruption in the railway industry. His work suggested that rampant greed and materialism deformed the character of man. While hard work and struggle are good for the character and soul, luxury and money corrupt people. Following the example of Émile Zola and the European naturalists, Norris at McTeague sought to describe in realistic detail the influence of heredity and the environment on human life. Beginning with The Octopus, he adopted a more humanitarian ideal and began to view the novel as a proper vehicle for the betterment of society. Norris was a proclaimed socialist who demonstrated his support for the idea of social Darwinism in his writings. One day, after reading an article, he had the idea to write a work that would intertwine the ideas of social Darwinism and naturalism. McTeague, a novel by Frank Norris published in 1899.
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