Munazara
(1909;
The Dispute
),
and Mahmud Khoja Behbudiy became
known for a stage
tragedy,
Padarkush
(1913;
The Patricide
). Abdullah Qadiri became known for a
first Uzbek historical novel,
Otgän kunlär
(1922–26;
Days Gone By
), and Cholpan
introduced a new lyricism in his short poems. Hamza Hakim-Zada Niyaziy was
also an early 20th-century playwright and poet later much favoured by Soviet
authorities for his simplified, class-oriented plots and subjects.
Most of these writers died violently either during the Russian Civil War or, more
commonly, in Joseph Stalin’s purges of the 1930s. As a result,
Uzbekistan’s intellectual and cultural life suffered trauma for decades to come.
Only since independence have its finest modern authors regained posthumous
recognition.
During the second half of the 20th century there was a great increase in the
number
of writers but not in the quality of the writing. Until the 1980s most Soviet Uzbek
authors produced tendentious novels, plays, and verse in line with official
Communist Party themes. Among the older generation of contemporary authors
is Asqad Mukhtar (b. 1921), whose Socialist Realist novel
Apä singillär
(
Sisters
;
original and translation published during the 1950s), has been translated into
English and other languages. Mukhtar, along with others of his generation,
effectively encouraged the creative efforts of younger Uzbek poets and authors, a
group far less burdened than their elders by the sloganeering characteristic of
Soviet “Socialist Realism.” Among these newer voices, Razzaq Abdurashid,
Abduqahhar Ibrahim, Jamal Kamal, and Erkin Wahid, all born in the 1930s, and
Rauf Parfi, Halima Khudayberdiy, Muhammad Ali, Sharaf Bashbek, Mamadali
Mahmud, all born in the 1940s or later, stand out. Several of
these new writers
have contributed striking dramas and comedies to the theatre of Uzbekistan.
Privately organized drama and theatre were very active in
Samarkand, Margilan, Tashkent, and other cities before 1917. In the difficult
economic situation of the 1990s, however, the loss of government subsidies led to
a drastic decline in theatrical activity, and the cinema
and television have further
emptied the seats in legitimate theatres.
Musical tradition throughout southern Central Asia provides a distinctive classical
form of composition in the great cycles of
maqom
s handed down from
master
performers to apprentices. Television and radio as well as concert halls
offer
maqom
cycles in live performances.
Uzbekistan’s cultural heritage includes magnificent monuments in the national
architectural tradition: the mausoleum of the Sāmānid ruler Ismāʿīl I (9th and 10th
centuries)
in Bukhara, the great mosques and mausoleums of Samarkand,
constructed in the 14th and 15th centuries, and many other fine tombs, mosques,
palaces, and
madrasah
s. An interesting recent development is the
reclamation,
renovation, and reconsecration of many smaller old mosques, some very elegant
though badly damaged; these had been relegated by communist authorities to serve
as garages, storehouses, shops, slaughterhouses, or museums. Muslim rebuilders
now accurately reconstruct these damaged buildings as part of
a comprehensive drive to re-create the Islamic life suppressed by the
communists
between 1920 and 1990.