12
Uzbekistan Country Gender Assessment Update
another factor affecting women’s employment is their engagement in unpaid reproductive
functions. In 2015, an adB-supported survey revealed that women in OeCd and non-OeCd
countries spend as much time performing unpaid traditional reproductive tasks as men spend
on
productive, paid work.
39
the need to balance work with family and household obligations
likely explains why more women work part-time or in the informal sector.
Informal work contributes significantly to the family budget, but it often leaves women without
social protection. Women’s greater representation as informal or part-time employees/workers,
very often with lower salaries and minimum social protection, makes them more vulnerable
and lowers their status in the family because they contribute much less financially,
40
further
hindering their ability to influence allocations for day-to-day expenditures, larger purchases, and
investments (e.g.,
in labor-saving devices, children’s schooling or self-education, SMe loans).
41
39
adB. 2015.
Balancing the Burden
:
Desk Review of Women’s Time Poverty and Infrastructure in Asia and the Pacific
. Manila. p. 7.
40
V. tichenor. 1999. Status and Income as Gendered Resources: the Case of Marital power.
Journal of Marriage and the
Family 61 (3): 638–650.
41
adB. 2016.
Uzbekistan:
Housing for Integrated Rural Development Program
.
Social and Gender Survey.
tashkent.
Source: data provided by the State Committee on Statistics to adB in april 2018 for this CGa update.
the data have been provided by the State Committee on Statistics of RoU during data gathering for the CGaU
in april 2018.
Figure 1: Average Monthly Nominal
Accrued Wages of Employees, by Sphere
of Economic Activity, 2016
(SUM '000)
164,273
Agricultur
e, for
estry
, and fishery
Financ
e and insur
anc
e
Total
Informa
tion and c
ommunic
ation t
echnolo
gy
Educ
ation
Health c
are and social servic
es
Arts
, cultur
e, and r
ecrea
tion Other
Acc
ommoda
tion and c
atering servic
es
Transpor
tation and st
orage
Trade
Construction
Industry
197,827
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
234,166
252,084
323,329
271,758
1,808
2,018
1,038
877,305
1,205
1,041
Crosscutting
Gender Equality Issues
13
1. Home-Based Businesses
Rural women are more likely to earn income through farming, handicrafts, or other home-based
small enterprises. a 2016 study by the Food and agriculture Organization of the United Nations
found that home-based businesses have unrealized potential.
42
However, very few women
and men have sufficient access to information that will enable
them to engage in household
production or enlarge their small businesses. the study also revealed that gender stereotypes
play a crucial role in restricting women’s role in the household.
Women and men have different roles and responsibilities in the value chain of home-based
work. Men usually perform heavier physical labor and are more likely to have appropriate
technical knowledge and skills (e.g., driving or the use of agricultural equipment) and better
negotiation skills. Women, who work in the fields and also fulfill routine household activities,
engage in home production to sell products and generate income (e.g., downy shawls from the
wool
of angora goats, dairy products, sewing, baking), while men are responsible for providing
transport and helping women to sell products. despite the considerable share of women in
home-based production, they do not always manage the process, nor do they make their own
decisions (footnote 48).
2. Employment and Job Creation
Commitments and Initiatives
of the Government
employment and job creation initiatives are the constant focus of the government and have a
clear gender dimension. Social protection of women in employment situations is enshrined in
the Labor Code of Uzbekistan.
43
Specific legal provisions prohibit certain types of dangerous
work, endorse maternity-related benefits (e.g., additional leave and preferential working
conditions), and restrict overtime,
night work, working on days off, and travel assignments.
a decree of the president requires paid maternity leave.
44
the pension system safeguards
substantial benefits and privileges for women.
42
Food and agriculture Organization of the United Nations and Central asia and the Caucasus association of agricultural
Research Institutions (CaCaaRI). 2016. as
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