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Introduction.
The creation of compositions of intumescent fire-retardant coatings to 
increase the fire resistance of building structures is an urgent task today. Researchers are solving 
it both by traditional methods using well-known flame retardants and by using modern 
nanotechnology [1; 2]. Fire protection of structures is an integral part of the general system of 
measures to ensure the fire safety of buildings and structures. It is aimed at reducing the fire hazard 
of structures, ensuring their required fire resistance [3; 4; 5]. In modern construction, almost no 
industrial building and structure is complete without the use of steel structures. To increase the 
actual limits of their fire resistance, various means of fire protection are used, which create a heat-
insulating screen on the surface that slows down the heating of the metal and preserves its 
functional properties under fire conditions for a given period of time [6; 7; 8; 9]. 
Today, among all the variety of fire protection methods, intumescent paints have gained 
wide popularity, largely due to the decorativeness of the coating created and the efficiency of the 
work performed. The basic principles of formulation of fire retardant intumescent paints are 
similar to those of paints and varnishes: film former, fillers, pigments (if necessary), rheological 
ingredients, desiccants (hardeners) if the coating is of a cured type [10; 11; 12; 13; 14]. 
Organic amines and amides such as urea, dicyandiamide, melamine and its derivatives, 
casein, urotropine, guanidine, sulfonamides, polyamide and amino-formaldehyde oligomers, etc. 
are used as expanding agents. [15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21]. 
The paper considers the functions of the main components of intumescent coatings, how 
their interaction is carried out during high-temperature pyrolysis, and how the foam layer is 
formed, which is necessary for reliable thermal insulation of the protected surface.