Keywords:
Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (DLVO); Zeta potential; rutile; anatase;
electrokinetics; mobility
1. Introduction
Aqueous micromotors driven by external energy from either a chemical reaction with
an electrolyte or an environmental stimulus such as light, magnetic fields, temperature gradients,
concentration gradients, etc., have drawn a lot of research interest [
1
–
4
]. Due to their small size and
simple manipulation, micromotors composed of micro- or nanoparticles have promising applications in
drug delivery, cell separation, bacterial degradation, and chemical decomposition [
5
–
7
]. Titania (TiO
2
)
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