15
Psychological Disorders
MANIA AND BIPOLAR DISORDER
While depression leads to the depths of despair, mania leads to emotional heights.
Mania is an extended state of intense, wild elation. People experiencing mania feel
intense happiness, power, invulnerability, and energy. Believing they will succeed
at anything they attempt, they may become involved in wild schemes. Consider,
for example, the following description of an individual who experienced a manic
episode:
Mr. O’Reilly took a leave of absence from his civil service job. He purchased a large
number of cuckoo clocks and then an expensive car, which he planned to use as a
mobile showroom for his wares, anticipating that he would make a great deal of money.
He proceeded to “tear around town” buying and selling clocks and other merchandise,
and when he was not out, he was continuously on the phone making “deals.” . . . He
was $3,000 in debt and had driven his family to exhaustion with his excessive activity
and talkativeness. He said, however, that he felt “on top of the world.” (Spitzer et al.,
1983, p. 115)
Typically, people sequentially experience periods of mania and depression. This alter-
nation of mania and depression is called bipolar disorder (a condition previously
known as manic-depressive disorder). The swings between highs and lows may occur
a few days apart or may alternate over a period of years. In addition, in bipolar dis-
order, periods of depression are usually longer than periods of mania.
Ironically, some of society’s most creative individuals may have suffered from
bipolar disorder. The imagination, drive, excitement, and energy that they display
during manic stages allow them to make unusually creative contributions. For
instance, historical analysis of the composer Robert Schumann’s music shows that he
was most prolifi c during periods of mania. In contrast, his output dropped off
drastically during periods of depression (see Figure 6 ). On the other hand, the high
output associated with mania does not necessarily lead to higher quality: Some of
Schumann’s greatest works were created outside his periods of mania (Ludwig, 1996;
Szegedy Maszak, 2003).
Severe depression;
suicide attempt
1833
Moderate mania
throughout 1840
Moderate mania
throughout 1849
Severe depression
throughout 1844
Suicide attempt
1854
Died in asylum
(self-starvation)
1856
Compositions
1829 1831 1833 1835 1837 1839 1841 1843 1845 1847 1849 1851 1853 1855
Year
25
30
20
15
10
5
0
FIGURE 6
The number of pieces written by composer Robert Schumann in a given year is
related to his periods of depression and mania (Slater & Meyer, 1959; reprinted in Jamison,
1993). Why do you think mania might be associated with creative productivity in some people?
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