Understanding Psychology (10th Ed)

E VA LU AT E
1. Researchers studying newborns use 
, or the 
decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after re-
peated presentations of the same stimulus, as an indicator 
of a baby’s interest.
2. The emotional bond that develops between a child and its 
caregiver is known as 
.
3. Match the parenting style with its defi nition:
1. Permissive
a. Rigid; highly punitive; 
2. Authoritative
demanding obedience
3. Authoritarian
b. Gives little direction; lax on 
4. Uninvolved
obedience
c. Firm but fair; tries to explain paren-
tal decisions
d. Emotionally detached and unloving
4. Erikson’s theory of 
development involves a 
series of eight stages, each of which must be resolved for a 
person to develop optimally.
In short, cognitive development occurs when parents, teachers, or skilled peers 
assist a child by presenting information that is both new and within the ZPD. This 
type of assistance, called scaffolding, provides support for learning and problem solv-
ing that encourages independence and growth. Vygotsky claims that scaffolding not 
only promotes the solution of specifi c problems, but also aids in the development of 
overall cognitive abilities (Schaller & Crandall, 2004). 
More than other approaches to cognitive development, Vygotsky’s theory consid-
ers how an individual’s specifi c cultural and social context affects intellectual growth. 
The way in which children understand the world grows out of interactions with 
parents, peers, and other members of a specifi c culture (John-Steiner & Mahn, 2003; 
Kozulin et al., 2003).
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