Understanding language teaching: From Method to Postmethod


 Theory of Language Teaching



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(ESL & Applied Linguistics Professional Series) B. Kumaravadivelu - Understanding Language Teaching From Method to Post-Method-Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. (2006)

6.1.3. Theory of Language Teaching
As can be expected, learner-centered pedagogists took their pedagogic
bearings from the theories of language and language learning outlined
LEARNER-CENTERED METHODS
119


above. Consequently, they recognized that it is the responsibility of the lan-
guage teacher to help learners (a) develop the knowledge/ability necessary
to manipulate the linguistic system and use it spontaneously and flexibly in
order to express their intended message; (b) understand the distinction,
and the connection, between the linguistic forms they have mastered and
the communicative functions they need to perform; (c) develop styles and
strategies required to communicate meanings as effectively as possible in
concrete situations; and (d) become aware of the sociocultural norms gov-
erning the use of language appropriate to different social circumstances
(Littlewood, 1981, p. 6).
In order to carry out the above responsibilities, it was argued, language
teachers must foster meaningful communication in the classroom by
·
Designing and using information-gap activities where when one
learner in a pair-work exchange knows something the other learner
does not;
·
offering choice of response to the learner, that is, open-ended tasks
and exercises where the learner determines what to say and how to say
it;
·
emphasizing contextualization rather than decontextualized drills and
pattern practices;
·
using authentic language as a vehicle for communication in class;
·
introducing language at discoursal (and not sentential) level;
·
tolerating errors as a natural outcome of language development; and
·
developing activities that integrate listening, speaking, reading, and
writing skills.
These and other related measures recognize the importance of communi-
cative abilities of negotiation, interpretation, and expression that are con-
sidered to be the essence of a learner-centered pedagogy.
Such recognition also entailed a reconsideration of the role played by
teachers and learners in a communicative classroom. Breen and Candlin
(1980) identified two main roles for the “communicative” teacher.
The first role is to facilitate the communicative process between all partici-
pants in the classroom, and between those participants and the various activi-
ties and texts. The second role is to act as an
interdependent
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