Учебное пособие в систематизированном виде содержит необходимые для изучения курса лексикологии английского языка вспомогательные материалы: планы семинаров, определения основных понятий и терминов на английском и русском языках, темы курсовых

A loan word, borrowed word or borrowing is a word taken over from another language and modified in phonemic shape, spelling, paradigm or meaning according to the standards of the English language.
Origin of borrowing ['origin] is the language from which the loan word was taken into English.
Source of borrowing is the language to which the word may be traced.
Assimilation of borrowings is a partial or total confirmation to the phonetical, graphical and morphological standards of the receiving language and its semantic system.
Phonetic assimilation is adaptation to the phonetic system of the recipient language (changes in sound form and stress).
Grammatical adaptation is a complete change of the former paradigm of the borrowed word (i.e. system of the grammatical forms peculiar to it as a part of speech), the acquisition of new categories and paradigms by analogy with other English words.
Semantic assimilation is adjustment to the system of meanings of the English vocabulary.
Unassimilated words are those that retain their sound-form, graphic peculiarities, grammatical and semantic characteristics of their parent language.
Hybrid ['haibrid] is a word different elements of which are of etymologi­cally different origin.
Etymological doublets are words originating from the same etymological source, but differing in phonemic shape and meaning, or descending from the same language at different times or through different dialects.
International words are words of identical origin that occur in several languages as a result of simultaneous or successive borrowings from one source.
Loan translation (calque) is borrowing by means of literally translating words (usually one part after another) of word combinations, by modelling words after foreign patterns.
Practical Assignment

1. 
   Look up the origin of the words listed below in “The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English” (COD). Comment on the etymological charac­teristics of the words:
   

Atmosphere, company, door, fashion, horse, hundred, husband, kilt, parliament, pneumonia, physician, summer, street, salmon.

2. 
   Rearrange the loan words listed below into eight groups according to their source language: Arabic, Chinese, Dutch/Flemish, German, Italian, Japanese, Russian, Spanish. Use the etymological information given in COD:
   

Barricade, boom, cannibal, caravan, cruise, delicatessen, frankfurter, guitar, giraffe, geisha, glasnost, hamburger, harem, icon, judo, ketchup, mosque, motto, noodle, perestroika, prima donna, quartz, sauerkraut, sketch, studio, tea, tornado, tsunami, violin, yacht.

3. 
   Say which of the borrowings given above arepartially/completely assimilated in English and which are considered barbarisms.
   
4. 
   Define the type of borrowings on the basis of the etymological information given in COD: borrowings proper, semantic borrowings, loan translations, international words, neologisms. Analyse their meanings. Give their Russian equivalents:
   

Babushka ‘a woman’s head scarf, folded triangularly and tied under the chin’, bureau ‘a subdivision of an executive department’, cargo, history, homesickness (G, Heimweh), hyper ‘excited or nervous about something’, karaoke, mafia, manager, superman (G, Ubermensch), tragedy.

5. 
   Compare the correlated words in English and in Russian. Explain why they are called ‘translator’s false friends ’. Give the Russian equivalents of the English loan words, and the English equivalents of the Russian words:
   

1. 
   Active - given to action; working, effective, practical, diligent; radioactive.