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Актив - группа наиболее деятельных лиц в каком-то коллективе; чьи-то успехи, достижения, преимущества.
Actual - existing in fact; real, present, current.
Актуальный - важный, существенный для настоящего момента; злободневный, насущный, современный.
Accurate - careful, precise; in exact conformity with a standard or with truth.
Аккуратный - склонный к чистоте и порядку; исполнительный, пунктуальный.
Angina - pain in chest resulting from over-exertion when heart is diseased.
Ангина - острое инфекционное заболевание, проявляющееся в воспалении нёбных миндалин и слизистой оболочки зева.
Invalid - not valid, esp. having no legal force.
Инвалид - человек, утративший трудоспособность вследствие ранения, увечья, болезни или старости.
Receipt - fact or action of receiving or being received into person’s hands or possession; amount of money, etc. received.
Рецепт - письменное предписание врача в аптеку о составе лекарства с указанием способа его применения.
Solid - of stable shape, not liquid or fluid, having some rigidity, (solid food); of solid substance throughout, not hollow, without internal cavities.
Солидный - прочный, надежный, основательный; заслуживающий доверия, с установившейся репутацией, авторитетом.
Write down in the space provided a letter, which indicates the language from which the given words were borrowed. In case of difficulty consult the Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. a - Celtic; b - Latin; с - Scandinavian; d - French; e - Greek; f - Russian; g - Spanish; h - Italian; i - German.
Cup, criterion, wall, to cast, armada, Exe, eponym, Kilbride, anemia, anger, motto, poodle, cosmonaut, guerilla, lieutenant, power, tornado, samovar, banana, the Downs, candle, law, government, Avon, kindergarten, mosquito, kvass, violin, halt, fellow, waltz, plant, hormone, bandit, interior, restaurant, London, promenade, umbrella, verst, to take, tundra, gondola, anamnesis, nickel.
Match the translation borrowings on the left with the original phrases / words on the right. State the origin of the latter.
1. the moment of truth
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a) infra dignitatem
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2. word-combination
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b) Wunderkind
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3. below one’s dignity
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c) попутчик
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4. first dancer
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d) el momento de la verdad
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5. that goes without saying
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e) circulus vitiosus
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6. fellow-traveller
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f) колхоз
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7. wonder child
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g) словосочетание
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8. vicious circle
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h) sub judice
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9. famous case
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i) cela va sans dire
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10. collective farm
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j) cause celebre
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11. under consideration
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k) prima-ballerina
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Write out international words from the given sentences.
He gave a false address to the police. 2. I’ve seen many good films lately.
Do you take sugar in your coffee? 4. Do you play tennis? 5. Arrange the words in alphabetical order. 6. Charlotte Bronte wrote under the pseudonym of Currer Bell. 7. He worked in radio for nearly 40 years. 8. Many people feel that their interests are not represented by mainstream politics. 9. We’ve visited the open-air theatre in London’s Regents Park. 10. I’m worried about my son’s lack of progress in English. 11. The government has promised to introduce reforms of the tax system. 12. He went on to study medicine at Edinburgh University.
State the etymology of the given words. Write them out in three columns: a) completely assimilated borrowings; b) partially assimilated borrowings; c) unassimilated borrowings or barbarisms.
Torchere, wall, maharani, a la mode, datum, perestroika, gate, tet-a-tet, want, chalet, ad hoc, sheikh, parlando, nucleus, parquet, matter, bagel, a la carte, kettle, chauffeur, formula, pari-mutuel, shaman, finish, corps, alcazar, commedia dell’arte, money, souvenir, bacillus, pas de deux, ill, spahi, stratum, nota bene, spaghetti, mmage a trios, odd, memoir, parenthesis, hibakusha, padrona, incognito, thesis, coup de maitre, tzatziki, sabotage, ad libitum, stimulus, Soyuz, alameda, street, boulevard, criterion, dfrja vu, torero, yin, Ubermensch, macaroni, tzigane, sensu lato, hypothesis, bagh, pousada, Shiatsu, shapka, film noir.
Study changes in the semantic structure of the completely assimilated words given in exercise 9.
Model: animal ‘a mammal, as opposed to a bird, reptile, fish, or insect’ < Latin animalis ‘having breath’.
Transcribe the following borrowings not completely assimilated graphically and/or phonetically. Pay special attention to their spelling and pronunciation.
Torchere, chalet, parquet, chauffeur, corps, souvenir, spaghetti, memoir, incognito, sabotage, boulevard, macaroni.
Give the plural form of the nouns borrowed from Latin and Greek.
Model: sanatorium - sanatoria; terminus - termini.
Datum, nucleus, formula, bacillus, stratum, parenthesis, thesis, stimulus, criterion, hypothesis.
In the given sentences find etymological doublets. State their origin.
Model: I spent the afternoon reading under the shade of an umbrella. The trees cast long, scary shadows in the evening light. - The etymological doublets are the words shade and shadow. They are of Germanic origin; related to Dutch schaduw and German Schatten (nouns), from an Indo-European root shared by Greek skotos ‘darkness’.
We tried to calm her, but she just screeched more loudly. 2. The audience shrieked with laughter. 3. He always stays in the best hotels. 4. He spent a week in hospital with food poisoning. 5. For birth rates in the 1990s, see the chart on page 247. 6. She sent me a lovely card on my birthday. 7. The Editor reserves the right to abridge readers’ letters. 8. This book is an abbreviated version of the earlier work. 9. This is advice for those who wish to save great sorrow and travail. 10. I have a job which involves quite a lot of travel. 11. Anne stayed close enough to catch the child if he fell. 12. The band have often been chased down the street by enthusiastic fans. 13. I didn’t know that his grandfather was a chieftain of the clan. 14. She was captain of the Olympic swimming team.
State the source of borrowing of affixes and bases of thefollowing words.
Model: copilot - the prefix со- is Latin; the base -pilot is French.
Endanger, citizenship, computaholic, pan-American, leatherette, vice-chair, slavery, superman, disobey, payable, foreleg, politeness, befriend, outclass, childish.
Arrange the words from the columns so that they form double or triple synonymous series. State the difference in meaning and in use between words in each synonymous series.
Model: to wish - to desire.
The word to desire is a French borrowing. The difference in meaning of these two verbs is the following: to wish - ‘to want something to happen although it is unlikely’; to desire - ‘to want something’. These verbs are used differently as to desire is a more formal word.
Native English words
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French borrowings
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Latin borrowings
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guts ask fire house kingly weariness rise happiness holy clothes
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flame sacred courage attire
mount mansion question royal
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lassitude felicity ascend conflagration consecrated interrogate regal
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Interpret the linguistic phenomena
Experience is that marvellous thing that enables you recognise a mistake when you make it again (F. P. Jones). 2. Striving for excellence motivates you; striving for perfection is demoralizing (Harriet Braiker). 3. Egomania is the natural ingredient of talent (Martin Amis). 4. Conceit is the finest armour a man can wear (Jerome K. Jerome). 5. Nihilism is best done by professionals (Iggy Pop).
Theme 17
PHRASEOLOGY
Every human occupation has it repertoire of stock phrases, within
which every man twists and turns untilhis death. His vocabulary,
which seems so lavish, reduces itself to a hundred routine formulas
at most, which he repeats over and over.
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