Учебное пособие предназначено для бакалавров всех специальностей и направлений подготовки радиотехнического факультета. В нем представлены материалы для аудиторной и самостоятельной работы

UNIT 14

Task 1. Study new words and word combinations.

1	launch	[lɔːnʧ]	запускать
2	involve	[ɪn'vɔlv]	включать в себя, вовлекать
3	appear	[ə'pɪə]	появляться
4	explain	[ɪk'spleɪn ]	объяснять
5	complement	['kɔmplɪmənt]	дополнять, составлять, комплектовать
6	improve		улучшать
7	emerge	[ɪ'mɜːʤ]	возникать
8	wind	[waɪnd]	наматывать
9	maintain		поддерживать
10	continue		продолжать
11	follow		следовать
12	diversify	[daɪ'vɜːsɪfaɪ]	разнообразить; изменять, модифицировать
13	cease	[siːs]	прекращать
14	undergo	[ˌʌndə'gəu]	испытывать
15	spread	[spred]	распространяться
16	experience	[ɪk'spɪərɪəns]	испытывать
17	enrich		обогащать
18	propagate	['prɔpəgeɪt]	распространять(ся)
19	disappear	[ˌdɪsə'pɪə]	исчезать
20	erase	[ɪ'reɪz]	стирать

TASK 2. Match the inventions, years and inventors.

engine-powered airplane	1903	Wilbur & Orville Wright
e-mail	27^th century	Ancient Egyptians
Internet	1889	Gottlieb Daimler
alphabet	1582	Pope Gregory XIII
calendar (Gregorian)	1971	Ray Tomlinson
automobile	1969	ARPA, Department of Defense
paper money	1873	Levi Strauss, Jacob Davis
jeans	late 900s	The Chinese
television	1930	Michael Cullen
supermarket	1923, 1927	Vladimir Kosma Zworykin, Philo Taylor Farnsworth

TASK 3. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below with the verbs in the correct form from the box.

use, maintain, develop, increase, launch, continue, follow, discover

1. 
   The iPod can download new files from iTunes, exchange software … by Apple. 2. When men … that they could use electricity to send messages, long distance communication changed. 3. The company is expected to … several new products next year. 4. We … the electric telegraph to send written messages to people far away from us. 5. First came the student speeches, and the presentation of awards …. 6. The company has done a poor job of … its computer network. 7. The semiconductors such as silicon, germanium, selenium, phosphorus, boron and various other metallic oxides and sulphides appear to possess some unexpected properties. For instance, their conductivity … with heating and falls with cooling. 8. The lecture … for another hour after we left.
   

TASK 4. Match the verbs below with their definitions.
e.g. Discover means to learn, see or find something new but existing.

change	to make (something) clear or easy to understand
involve	wrap or surround a core with a coiled length of something
appear	to come into existence
explain	to become different
complement	to complete something else or make it better
improve	to become known or visible
emerge	to make something or become better
wind	to have or include (someone or something) as a part of something

TASK 5. Match the synonymous verbs in the box below: diversify, cease, undergo, spread, experience, enrich, propagate, disappear, stop, erase
e.g. Start has the same meaning as begin.


TASK 6. Read the text.

ENDLESS INVENTIVENESS

Many animal species (['spiːʃiːz]) use tools, and some, such as crows and apes, can even create them. But only our species has taken this ability to such an extreme that it can be said that we maintain an evolutionary symbiosis with these tools. In other words, our ability to develop complex tools increased our intelligence, allowing us to manufacture even more complex tools. This, in turn, launched a new phase in this cycle, and after several million years it finally led to the modern human, who continues to develop tools that will likely continue to transform the species.
Of course, this history has not always followed a linear path. In the 9,000 years since humans discovered agriculture and cattle farming, many inventions were discovered many times and forgotten nearly as many times. Today we are surprised to learn that the Romans knew about concrete and that they had taxis and hamburger stands or that the Greeks developed the basic principles of the locomotive and the steam engine (although, oddly enough, they never combined the two to invent the railroad). We have developed the most absurd theories to explain the construction of the pyramids in Egypt or the moai ([mou’ai] monolithic human figures) of Easter Island. This winding history, with steps forward and steps backward, can be explained thus: technical inventions are a specific response to the specific needs of a given human group, and when these needs or the people who needed to meet those needs disappear or change, the inventions associated with them also disappear or change.
A few centuries ago, the creative ability of human beings took a major leap forward when tools associated with craft and empirical techniques began to complement science, thus systematizing the methods of production. This is how modern technology emerged, allowing improved preservation not just of know-how but also of the economic, social, and cultural aspects involving this know-how. Once tool making ceased to be something that was passed on from master craftsman to apprentice and became an organized set of procedures and knowledge accessible to a specialized community, the human ability to invent new tools underwent an explosion similar to the one it experienced 9,000 years earlier.
Virtually overnight thousands of objects appeared (and would continue to appear) that changed our way of seeing and understanding the world – the clock, which allowed us to divide time and set a new pace for our lives; the printing press, which allowed knowledge to be spread beyond a privileged few; the refrigerator, which enriched and diversified our nutrition practices; the cinema, which opened up the possibility of dreaming while awake; the Internet, which erased borders and distances; and robotics and artificial intelligence, which led us to question our definition of being human. With the emergence of technology, you could say that our lives are surrounded by marvelous objects.


TASK 7. Answer the questions below. Choose no more than THREE words from the text for each answer.

1. 
   What word used in the text describes the process of coexistence of two living things which depend on each other? 2. What was discovered along with agriculture about 9000 years ago? 3. According to the text, what nation did not manage to put two inventions together to produce one of the most popular means of transport existing now? 4. Before the development of technology, what was the privilege of only craftsmen and their trainees? 5. What invention, according to the text, contributed into the propagation of knowledge?
   

TASK 8. Do the following statements agree with the text? Decide if the information is true, false or not given.

1. 
   All the animal species are able to create tools.
   
2. 
   There is a clear interconnection between the complexity of tools and people producing them and their ability to think.
   
3. 
   The Romans used concrete to build the roads along which taxis were moving.
   
4. 
   People invent something when they feel this thing is really necessary and forget about it when the necessity disappears.
   
5. 
   According to the text, a lot of inventions were made within a very short period of time.
   

TASK 9. Study the following information about the infinitive: