Учебно-методическое пособие для студентов математического факультета специальности 1-020501 «Информатика. Иностранный язык (английский)»

 
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Analytic vs. synthetic languages 
Languages in which a word tends to consist of only one morpheme are 
called 
analytic 
(or isolating). Highly analytic languages are primarily found in 
East and Southeast Asia (e.g. Chinese, Vietnamese), as well as West Africa (e.g. 
Yoruba) and South Africa (e.g. Kung). These languages have no inflection, and 
the most extreme ones make limited use of processes of word-formation. 
Languages in which a word tends to consist of more than one morpheme 
are called 
synthetic
. English is a mildly synthetic language, while older Indo-
European languages, like Latin, Greek and Sanskrit, are highly synthetic. All of 
them have plenty of inflection, derivation and compounding. 
Extremely synthetic languages, where words are very complex and 
sometimes constitute entire clauses, with extensive use of inflection, derivation 
and compounding, are called 
polysynthetic
. Polysynthetic languages are 
primarily found among Eskimo and American Indian languages, as well as a few 
languages in Sibir, Northern Caucasus and Australia. 

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Theoretically speaking, languages may locate themselves at any point on 
the scale from analytic to polysynthetic: 
analytic synthetic polysynthetic 
(word = morpheme) (word > morpheme) (word = clause) 
In fact, however, no language is purely analytic or purely polysynthetic. 
Furthermore, different parts of the grammar may behave in different ways. 
Japanese, for instance, is analytic in having no noun inflection, but highly 
synthetic in having a complex system of verb inflection. 
Agglutinative vs. flective languages 
Synthetic and polysynthetic languages may be further divided into