Учебно-методическое пособие для бакалавров учетно-финансового факультета Краснодар 2013 (076) ббк 81. 2 Англ Х65
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After text exercises VI. Complete the following sentences according to the text.
VII. Match the sentence halves:
X. Translate the following sentences into English:
XI. Sum up what the text says about - Moscow Narodny bank. Unit VII Bookkeepers, Accountants and Controllers. Pretext Tasks I Vocabulary list: 1. bookkeeper бухгалтер 2. accountant ревизор отчётности, бухгалтер 3. certified public – accountant дипломированный бухгалтер- аудитор 4. cash наличные деньги, расчёт 5. flow поток (денег) 6. receipts денежные поступления 7. disbursement выплата денег 8. transaction сделка 9. appropriate соответствующий 10. book бухгалтерская книга 11. entry бухгалтерская запись, проводка 12. journal журнал (бухгалтерский) 13. to post переносить в главную книгу 14. ledger главная книга (бухгалтерская) 15. expenditure расходы 16. earnings доходы 17. trial balance пробный баланс 18. responsibility ответственность 19. to interpret (date) толковать, интерпретировать (данные) 20. officer (chief…) должностное лицо, руководитель (главный) 21. chartered accountant дипломированный бухгалтер, эксперт-аудитор 22. expansion расширение 23. advertising campaign рекламная кампания 24. sophisticated сложный 25. accounting бухгалтерский учёт 26. executive (top…) руководящий работник, руководитель
1. What do bookkeepers deal with? 2. What does a ledger show? 3. Who usually prepares a trial balance? 4. How are certified accountants in England called? 5. Whose work in this sphere do you think is the most important in a company? 6. Whose position (of a bookkeeper, of an accountant, of a controller) do you like more ? 7. What would you prefer to be? Bookkeepers deal with taxes, cash flow, which include cash receipts and cash disbursements, sales, purchases and different business transactions of the company. Bookkeepers first record all the appropriate figures – in the books of original entry, or Journals. At the end of a period usually a month – the totals of each book of original entry are posted into the proper page of the Ledger. The Ledger shows all the expenditures and all the earnings of the company. On the basis of all the totals of each account in the Ledger, the bookkeeper prepares a Trial Balance. Trial Balances are usually drawn up every quarter. The accountant`s responsibility is to analyse and interpret the data in the Ledger and the Trial Balance. The accountant is to determine the ways in which the business may grow in the future. No expansion or reorganization is planned without the help of the accountant. New products and advertising campaigns are also prepared with the help of the accountant. The work of accountants is rather sophisticated. Many accountants have special certificates after they pass examinations in Institute of Accountants. Certified accountants in England are called chartered accountants. In the U.S.A. the certified accountants are called certified public accountants. But it is not necessary to have a certificate to practice accounting. Junior employees in large companies, for example, often practice accounting and then take the examination. The chief accounting officer of a large company is the Controller, or Comptroller. Controllers are responsible for measuring the company`s performance. They interpret the results of the operations, plan and recommend future action. This position is very close to the top executives of the company. After text exercises VI Complete the following sentences according to the text: 1. Bookkeepers deal with… 2. Bookkeepers first record… 3. Trial Balances are drawn… 4. The accountant`s responsibility is… 5. Certified accountants in England are called… 6. The chief accounting officer of a large company is… 7. Controllers are responsible for…
the appropriate figures… 2. … are posted into the proper page 2. The totals of each book of original of the Ledger. entry… 3. … in the books of original entry, or 3. The ledgers show all the… journals. 4. Trial balances are… 4. … analyse and interpret the data in 5. The accountant`s responsibility is to… the Ledger and Trial balance. 6. The accountant is to determine 5. … expenditures and all the earnings the ways in which… of the company. 7. The chief accounting officer of a large 6. …the business may grow in the future company… 7. … usually drawn up every quarter
2. Certified accountants in England are called chartered accountants. 3. Moscow Narodny Bank is a financial institution headquartered in London, owned by the Russian Central Bank but regulated by the Bank of England. 4. The textile company earning much of the profit was awarded by the Board of Directors. 5. It helped the company in evaluating its current financial position.
2. Работа бухгалтера довольно сложная 3. Бухгалтер несёт ответственность за анализ и интерпретации данных в бухгалтерской книге и в предварительном (пробном) балансе 4. Дипломированный бухгалтер в Англии это бухгалтер – аудитор (эксперт) 5. Главным должностным лицом в большой компании является ревизор (контролёр)
7. Ревизор несёт ответственность за оценку деятельности компании X Bear out (подтвердите) the following statements using the information from the text
XI Sum up what the text says about: Bookkeepers Accountants Controllers Journals
Ledgers Trial balances How do you see your future profession? Please answer the following questions: What kind of work are you interested in? a: well paid work b: interesting work c: work in a large and famous company d: prestigious work e: work in an industry which has future prospects Unit VIII Accounting Pretext Tasks I. Vocabulary list:
20. transaction сделка, торговая операция 21. a figure цифра (зд.) relationship of figures взаимоотношения цифр 22. stockholder акционер II. Give the Russian equivalents to the following words and phrases: financial picture, accounting department, data, independent, records, analysts, income statement, balance sheet, major tool, ratio analysis, relationship of figures, profitability, investment ratio, assets and liabilities, value of the ownership. III. Give the English equivalents to the following words and phrases: бухгалтерский учет, финансовое состояние (положение), учетный отдел, анализ коэффициентов, важные (значимые) данные, используется менеджером, два вида (типа) записи, балансовый отчет, отчет о доходах, главное орудие (способ) для анализа, иметь отношение к чему-либо, прибыльность, коэффициент возвращения инвестиций, определять стоимость. IV. Read and translate the following: two types of records, important data, activity of a business, effects of the transactions, financial condition, accounting records, money received and spent, balance sheet, relationship of two figures, as a measure of, assets and liabilities, financial position, structure of the company, the value of the ownership.
1.What does accounting show? 2.What does an accounting department do? 3.What are the two types of records which most businesses prepare? 4.What is ratio analysis? 5.What are the three main categories of ratios in finance? Accounting shows a financial picture of the firm. An accounting department records and measures the activity of a business. It reports on the effects of the transactions of the firm’s financial condition. Accounting records give a very important data. It is used by management, stockholders, creditors, independent analysts, banks and government. Most businesses prepare regularly the two types of records. They are the income statement and the balance sheet. These statements show how money was received and spent by the company. One major tool for the analysis of accounting records is ratio analysis. A ratio analysis is the relationship of two figures. In finance we operate with three main categories of ratios. One ratio deals with profitability, for example, the Return on Investment Ratio. It is used as a measure of a firm’s operating efficiency. The second set of ratios deals with assets and liabilities. It helps a company to evaluate its current financial position. The third set of ratios deals with the overall financial structure of the company. It analyses the value of the ownership of the firm.
1. Accounting shows a financial picture ….. 2. Accounting records give a very ….. 3. Most businesses prepare regularly the two ….. 4. One major tool for the analysis of accounting records is ….. 5. In finance we operate with three main ….. VII. Match the sentence halves:
VIII. Think of some questions to the following answers: 1.A financial picture of the firm. 2.Accounting records. 3.Two types of records. 4.With three main categories of ratios. 5.With assets and liabilities. IX. Are the following sentences true or false according to the text “Accounting”? 1.Most businesses prepare regularly the two types of records. 2.One major tool for the analysis of accounting records is ratio analysis. 3.In finance we operate with two main categories of ratios. 4.The Return on Investment Ratio is not used as a measure of a firm’s operating efficiency. 5.These statements show how money was received and spent by the company. X. Make your own dialogue, using some words and phrases from the text: financial picture very important data two types of records ratio analysis deals with profitability assets and liabilities
II. Give the Russian equivalents to the following words and word-combinations: accounting, audit, bookkeeping, accumulate, set up business, record, classify, labour union, managerial accounting, public accounting, financial accounting, conduct affairs, information system, refer to, the books, accounting function. III. Give the English equivalents to the following words and word-combinations: бухучёт, записывать, аудит, организовывать/основывать дело, накапливать, финансовая отчётность, счетоводство, ведение учёта, с этой точки зрения, управленческий учёт, финансовый учёт, вести дела, учёт в хозрасчётных организациях, относиться – касаться, бухгалтерское дело IV. Read and translate the following: set up business, entity, financial statements, record – keeping, from this perspective, managerial accounting, financial accounting, public accounting, in return, private accounting, recording of information, certified public accounting firms, recording of information V. Accounting and Auditing Read and translate the text Find the answers in the text: 1. What does a man feel when he sets up a business? 2. What does a man expect in return? 3. What is accounting? 4.What does bookkeeping deal with? 5. What is accounting divided into?
Accounting is the language of finance which all business decision – makers must understand. It is the process of capturing, processing, and communicating financial information. In other words, it is an information system that accumulates, records, classifies, summarises, and reports commercial transactions. The aim of this process is to show the financial condition of a business entity. This information, in the form of financial statements, is then communicated to those who make decisions concerning the operations of an enterprise. Bookkeeping is a small part of the system and deals with record-keeping. Accounting information is used by managers, investors, and different groups in society, for example, tax authorities, labour unions, local governments, financial analysts etc. From this perspective, accounting is divided into managerial and financial accounting. The major branches of accounting are public, private, and governmental accounting. Public accounting refers to the work done by independent Certified Public Accountants (CPA), the corresponding professional British title being Chartered Accountants. They audit the books of companies to ensure that their financial statements and records are properly stated. Private accounting refers primarily to the private sector of the economy and involves the analysis and recording of financial information by accountants who are employees of the business entity. Governmental accounting is the accounting function performed for central (federal and state) and local governmental institutions. After text exercises VI. Complete the following sentences according to the text: 1. In return he expects to be able to earn … 2. It is the process of capturing … 3. The aim of this process is to show the financial … 4. Accounting is the language of finance which all business decision – makers … 5. The major branches of accounting are … VII. Translate the following sentences with modals. (see appendix – reference section) 1. To conduct his affairs efficiently and profitably the businessman must have some knowledge of accounting. 2. Accounting is the language of finance which all business decision-makers must understand. 3. The accountant is to determine the ways in which the business may grow in the future.
4. On the face of American dollars one can see the portraits of famous persons. 5. Accountants have to prepare regularly the two types of records. VIII. Match the verbs in A with the nouns in B A B to set up a commodity to produce affairs to earn information to conduct the books to audit a function to communicate profit to perform a business IX. Make your own sentences using the following prompts: Accounting information To conduct the affairs Accounting is the language Public accounting Private accounting Governmental accounting
1. Why must businessmen have some knowledge of accounting? 2. What is accounting? 3. What does an accounting information system show? 4. Who needs financial information? 5. What are the major branches of accounting? XI. Speak about: Why I Want to Be an Accountant and Auditor. Unit X Borrowing and Lending Pre text exercises I. Vocabulary list: 1. borrowing заимствование 2. lending предоставление займов/кредитов 3. customer клиент/покупатель 4. to trade торговать when trading… торгуя…,ведя торговлю… 5. currency деньги, вложение 6. view взгляд, мнение, суждение, точка зрения 7. to place поместить, разместить 8. short-term краткосрочный long-term долгосрочный 9. interest rate процентная ставка 10. to achieve достигать, добиваться 11. profit прибыль 12. responsibility ответственность 13. complementary activities дополняющие друг друга виды деятельности 14. loan заем, заимствование, ссуда, кредит 15. to fund финансирование, выделять средства funding фондирование, выделение средств 16. decision решение to take a decision принять решение 17. to ensure обеспечивать, гарантировать 18. to repay возвращать/отдавать долг 19. due подлежащий выплате 20. careful внимательный, тщательный 21. maturity срок платежа 22. obligation обязательство to meet obligations выполнить обязательства 23. cashflow поток наличности 24. reason причина for this reason по этой причине
complementary activities, to place, money market, loan decisions, to take decision, to ensure, due, cashflow, profit, customer deposits, for this reason.
процентная ставка; дополняющие друг друга виды деятельности; фондирование/выделение средств; по этой причине; возвращать/отдавать долг; подлежащий выплате; выполнить обязательства; поток наличности. IV. Match Russian words with their English equivalents: банковский инструмент profit денежный рынок cashflow процентная ставка long-term investments краткосрочный заем liquid прибыль lending инвестиция капитала liquidity заимствовать short-term loan заимствование money market дать в займы to borrow предоставление займов/ кредитов interest rate долгосрочные инвестиции risk management ликвидность borrowing ликвидный to lend управление рисками bank instrument денежный поток to repay a loan выплатить заем investment of capital V. Borrowing and Lending Read and translate the text. Find the answers to the following questions in the text: 1. May the bank trade on its own account? 2. What does a bank do to achieve the best profit? 3. How is funding for a bank achieved? 4. What does careful management of the maturity of funds lent and funds borrowed ensure? 5. What must the great care be taken for when loan decisions are made?
The investment of the bank's capital is usually the responsibility of the Treasury Department. Borrowing and lending are complementary activities for a bank, loans to a bank customer must be funded. Funding for a bank can be achieved in several different ways, for example, through money market deposits, customer deposits. For this reason it is clear that great care must be taken when loan decisions are made - to ensure that the money is lent wisely and repaid when due. Careful management of the maturity of funds lent and funds borrowed ensures that the bank can meet all necessary obligations when due, that is, the bank is liquid. Usually a Treasury Analysis or Risk Management Department is responsible for monitoring liquidity and cashflow.
1. The investment of the bank's capital is usually the responsibility of … 2. Funding for a bank can be achieved in … 3. Usually a Treasury Analysis or Risk Management Department is responsible for … 4. Borrowing and lending are complementary activities for a bank, loans to a bank customer … 5. Great care must be taken when loan decisions are made to ensure that the money is …
2. If short-term USD interest rates are very good but long-term £ rates are good ….. 3. The investment of the bank’s capital is usually ….. 4. Borrowing and lending are complementary activities for a bank ….. 5. Usually a Treasury Analysis or Risk Management Department is responsible …..
b)….. loans to a bank customer must be funded. c)….. the responsibility of the Treasury Departament. d)….. deposits will be placed accordingly to achieve the best profit. e)….. or on the instructions of its customers
2. When trading on its own account bank can not act on its own view of the market. 3. Borrowing and Lending are not complementary activities for a bank. 4. Careful management of the maturity of funds lent and funds borrowed ensures that the bank can meet all necessary obligations when due. 5. Usually a Treasury Analysis or Risk Management Department is responsible for monitoring liquidity and cashflow. IX. Translate the following sentences with Gerund. (see appendix – reference section) 1. For determing all the profit the accountant has to analyse and interpret the data. 2. In spite of recording all the appropriate figures in the books of original entry, auditors found a lot of errors. 3. Controllers are responsible for measuring the company’s performance. 4. The company is to minimize the percent for credits for its own customers for increasing the total profit. 5. Risk Management Department is responsible for monitoring liquidity and cashflow. 6. Bookkeepers are often given chance of auditing the different companies.
2) Deposits will be placed accordingly to achieve the best profit. 3) Borrowing and lending are complementary activities for a bank . 4) The investment of the bank’s capital is usually the responsibility of the Treasury Department. XI. Speak about the bank’s activity in the field of: 1. a) trade and investment b) loan and lending 2. Say-what kind of abovementioned activities is your bank busy with? Appendix - reference section (handbook) will help you successfully do the exercises. Good luck! Имя существительное (The Noun) Имя существительное отвечает на вопросы: who? — a boy, a teacher, a student и what? – а book, a room, a dog и т.д. Имена существительные имеют два числа: единственное и множественное (singular number, plural number). - Множественное число существительных образуется при помощи окончания – S, например: a book-books a hand-hands a cat-cats a dog-dogs - Существительные, оканчивающиеся на о, ss, sh, ch, x – во множественном числе имеют окончание – es, например: hero-heroes watch-watches glass-glasses dish-dishes fox-foxes. - В существительных, оканчивающихся на y – с согласной перед ней, y – во множественном числе меняется на i, например: baby-babies country-countries. - В тех существительных, где перед у стоит гласная, -у не меняется, например: day-days boy-boys
- Существительные, оканчивающиеся на f или на fe во множественном числе, имеют окончание – ves, например: wolf-wolves knife-knives. - Некоторые существительные образуют множественное число путём изменения корневой гласной, например: a man-men a tooth-teeth a woman-women a foot-feet - У некоторых существительных совпадают формы единственного и множественного числа:
a fish-fish a deer-deer a sheep-sheep
Падеж (case) В современном английском языке имя существительное имеет 2 падежа: общий (common case), не имеющий специальных окончаний и притяжательный (possessive case). - Притяжательный падеж одушевленных имён существительных образуется в единственном числе путем прибавления окончания ‘S (знака апострофа и буквы s), например: student's book – книга студента (соответствует родительному падежу русского языка, выражающая принадлежность, whose – чей?). Во множественном числе апостроф ставится в конце слова, например: students' books – книги студентов. - Если существительные во множественном числе не имеют окончания s, то притяжательный падеж образуется путем прибавления 'S, например: children's toys. - Притяжательный падеж может также быть образован при помощи предлога of:
the door of the room. Образование множественного числа существительных, заимствованных из латинского и греческого языков. Неисчисляемые существительные
Обратите внимание, что слова, обозначающие науки, заканчивающиеся на s являются существительными единственного числа и употребляются с глаголом-сказуемым в единственном числе: physics-физика economics-экономика mathematics-математика statistics-статистика Имя прилагательное (The Adjective) Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий Имена прилагательные и наречия, как и в русском языке, имеют положительную (positive degree), сравнительную (comparative degree) и превосходную (superlative degree) степени. - Односложные и некоторые двусложные прилагательные и наречия образуют сравнительную степень с помощью суффикса – er, а превосходную степень с помощью суффикса –est. Positive degree Comparative degree Superlative degree Strong Stronger The strongest High Higher The highest Early Earlier The earliest - Многосложные прилагательные и наречия образуют сравнительную и превосходную степени с помощью слов more и the most. Interesting More interesting The most interesting Easily More easily The most easily - Некоторые прилагательные и наречия образуют степени сравнения от других корней: Good (хороший) Better The best Well (хороший) Bad (плохой) Worse The worst Badly (плохо) Little (маленький) Less The least Little (мало) Many (много) More The most Much
- Существительное, определяемое прилагательным в превосходной степени, всегда имеет определенный артикль the. Наречия, образованные от прилагательных при помощи суффикса –ly, образуют сравнительную степень при помощи more, а превосходную при помощи most.
Степени сравнения наречий often (часто), quickly (быстро), slowly (медленно) образуются обоими способами.
В предложениях со степенями сравнения прилагательных и наречий используются следующие союзы и способы выражения сравнения: As … as Такой же … как Not so … as Не такой … как Twice as much as В два раза больше Three times as high as В три раза выше,чем Half as much/many В двое меньше Much better/worse Намного лучше/хуже Much more/less Гораздо больше/меньше The … the Чем … тем Местоимения (The Pronouns) По значению местоимения делятся на следующие: 1. Личные - Personal Pronouns-имеют два падежа:
We write a test.
He gave me a book. 2. Притяжательные местоимения (Possessive pronouns) имеют две формы:
Ед.ч. Мн.ч. Ед.ч. Мн.ч. my our mine ours his you his yours her hers
its their its theirs 3. Указательные местоимения – Demonstrative pronouns. Eд.ч. Мн.ч. This – это, эта These – эти That – тот, та Those – те
Возвратные местоимения указывают, что: а) Подлежащее само совершает действие. b) Сам совершает действие и испытывает его на себе. 6. Неопределенные местоимения – Indefinite pronouns: some, any, no, all, every, both, each. Употребление some и any, а также их производных определяется типом предложения. В утвердительном предложении употребляются, как правило, местоимение some и его производные: I have some English dictionaries. Give me something to read, please. В вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях обычно используются местоимение any и его производные: Is there anyone in the room? Have you any English books? В отрицательных предложениях используются либо местоимение any и его производные, либо отрицательное местоимение. I cannot find this book anywhere. There is nobody in the room. There is not anybody in that room. Таблица производных слов от some, any, no, every.
Числительные (The Numerals) Числительные обозначают количество предметов или порядок предметов при счете. Числительные делятся на количественные, отвечающие на вопрос «сколько?», и порядковые, отвечающие на вопрос «который?». Количественные числительные от 13 до 19 образуются прибавлением суффикса -teen к основе. Числительные, обозначающие десятки, имеют суффикс -ty. Порядковые числительные, кроме первых трех (first, second, third), образуются прибавлением суффикса -th или -eth к соответствующим количественным числительным. Существительные с порядковыми числительными всегда употребляются с определенным артиклем.
20 twenty-the twentieth 30 thirty-the thirtieth 40 forty-the fortieth 50 fifty-the fiftieth 60 sixty-the sixtieth 70 seventy-the seventieth 80 eighty-the eightieth 90 ninety-the ninetieth
the second-второй the third-третий the fourth the fifth the sixth the seventh the eighth the ninth the tenth the eleventh the twelfth the thirteenth the fourteenth the fifteenth the sixteenth the seventeenth the eighteenth the nineteenth the twentieth Составные числительные twenty-two - the twenty-second thirty-three - the thirty-third forty-four - the forty-fourth fifty-five - the fifty-fifth sixty-six - the sixty-sixth Числительные от 100 и больше 100 - a (one) hundred 101 - a (one) hundred and one 200 - two hundred 1000 - (one) thousand 1001 - a (one) thousand and one 5,500 - five thousand hundred and fifty 100th - the hundredth 101st - the one hundred and first 200th - the two hundredth 1000th - the thousandth
½ - a (one) half 0.1 - О [ou] point one ¼ - a (one) quarter 2.45 - two point four five 2/3 two thirds 35.25 three five (или: thirty-five) Point two five 1.5 - one and a half Модальные глаголы (Modals) Модальность – это категория глагола, выражающая отношение говорящего к действию, оценку действия, то есть возможность, разрешение, предположительность, долженствование и необходимость. Модальность в английском языке может быть выражена глаголами: Pr. Can-мочь May-мочь Must-должен, необходимо Past Could-мог Might-можно было Should-следует, нужен, должен А также их эквивалентами, с помощью которых они образуют будущее время (must и прошедшее).
He should do exercises every morning. - Ему следует (следовало бы, он должен был бы) делать зарядку каждое утро. Группу модальных глаголов объединяют следующие формальные признаки:
I can speak English.
He can read English. They can write an article.
She will be able to read English in a year. We will have to translate the text by 3 o'clock.
May I come in? Can she take this box? Must he do it himself?
Глагол (The Verb) Формы глагола бывают личными и неличными. - Личные формы глагола служат в предложение сказуемым и согласуются в лице и числе с подлежащим. Личные формы глагола имеют категории лица, числа, времени, залога и наклонения. - Неличными формами глагола являются Инфинитив-Infinitive, причастие I и Participle II и Герундий-Gerund. Английский глагол, как и глагол в русском языке, имеет три наклонения (изъявительное, повелительное и сослагательное), два залога (действительный и страдательный), а также четыре видовременные формы – Indefinite (Simple), Continuous (Progressive), Perfect и Perfect Continuous. Simple (Indefinite): He writes Continuous (Progressive): He is writing Perfect: He has written Perfect continuous: He has been writing Залог (The Voice) В английском языке глагол имеет два залога: действительный (Active Voice) и страдательный (Passive Voice). Если в предложении действие выполняется подлежащим, залог – действительный (активный). Например: He writes an article. - Pr. S. Active Если в предложении действие совершается над подлежащим, т.е. является объектом действия, залог страдательный (пассивный). Страдательный (Passive Voice) залог образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени и причастия II (Participle II ) основного глагола. Например: An article is written by him. – Pr. S. Passive Таблица времен Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect The Active Voice (действительный залог)
Таблица времен Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect The Passive Voice (пассивный залог)
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