Учебно-методический комплекс по учебной дисциплине «стилистика» для специальности «современные иностранные языки (перевод)»

expressive means
(EM): 
Phonetic EM
include pitch, melody, stresses, tones – intonation in general. The use of 
emphatic intonation enables the speaker to intensify an utterance emotionally or logically, to 
convey different additional meanings that are not expressed by the chosen words. 
Morphological EM
are those means of expressing grammatical meanings which display 
a kind of emphasis. These are, for example, stylistically marked forms of the Present and 
Past Simple Tense with emphatic verb do : He did come (Compare to stylistically neutral
He came) or marked forms of Imperative Mood: Do come; Don’t you forget. 
Lexical EM
include heterogeneous stylistically coloured words (poetic, archaic, 
bookish, slang, jargon, vulgar, etc). These words usually stand in opposition to their neutral 
synonym.
Expressive means of language are mostly employed in types of speech that aim to affect 
the reader or listener: poetry, fiction, oratory, and informal intercourse but rarely in 
technical texts or business language. 
Stylistic devices
(tropes, figures of speech) unlike expressive means are not language 
phenomena. They are formed in speech and most of them do not exist out of context. 
According to principles of their formation, stylistic devices are grouped into phonetic, 
lexico-semantic and syntactic types. Basically all stylistic devices are the result of 
revaluation of neutral words, word-combinations and syntactic structures. Revaluation 
makes language units obtain connotations and stylistic value. A stylistic device is the 
subject matter of stylistic semasiology. 
A stylistic device combines some general semantic meaning with a certain linguistic 
form resulting in stylistic effect. It is like an algorithm employed for an expressive purpose. 
From ancient times to the present, SD (each having a number of peculiar functions to 
perform) have been extensively employed by orators and writers to strengthen and 
embellish their styles of speech and composition.
Expressive means and stylistic devices have a lot in common but they are not 
completely synonymous. All stylistic devices belong to expressive means but not all 
expressive means are stylistic devices. Phonetic phenomena such as vocal pitch, pauses, 
logical stress, and drawling, or staccato pronunciation are all expressive without being 
stylistic devices