Types of scientific works

Types of scientific works

1. State educational standard, training program, textbook, tutorial.

2. Principles of creating educational and methodical literature and requirements for them.


Educational standards define the knowledge and skills students should possess at critical points in their educational career. “Standards serve as a basis of educational reform across the nation as educators and policy makers respond to the call for a clear definition of desired outcomes of schooling and a way to measure student success in terms of these outcomes. National, state and local educators play an important role in improving student learning through development and implementation of standards throughout the country.


Training programs are considered an integral part of development for human resources. It is an organized tool for the development of specific skills to the desired standard with the help of information, instruction, guidance, and practice.


A textbook is a book containing a comprehensive compilation of content in a branch of study with the intention of explaining it. Textbooks are produced to meet the needs of educators, usually at educational institutions.

A tutorial, in education, is a method of transferring knowledge and may be used as a part of a learning process. More interactive and specific than a book or a lecture, a tutorial seeks to teach by example and supply the information to complete a certain task.

Newly created textbooks that meet the requirements should: • develop skills and abilities of a supra-subject nature, which are based on the transfer of knowledge through the analysis, processing and transformation of information; • substantive in nature. Practical steps to develop such teaching methods should include a significant strengthening of interdisciplinary linkages within and between cycles of disciplines; • contribute to strengthening the applied, practical nature of the content of training and control; • activate the cognitive skills of students; • to intensify the activity-based nature of learning and creative independence of students. The best experience in creating educational literature seeks to implement the following positive trends: 1. Creation of not just a textbook, but also an educational and methodological complex to it. As a rule, the educational methodological complex includes a workshop for students, a manual for preparing students for seminars, practical and laboratory work, sets of test tasks, tests, cases, etc. It may also include electronic workshops, trainings, etc. 2. The variability of textbooks and educational-methodical complexes for them for each level of the higher education system (bachelor's, master's, 142 postgraduate studies). To create an end-to-end line of textbooks that implement the study of one academic discipline at different levels of the education system, the following principles are applied: a general approach to the study of the discipline; continuity in the content of educational material; the use of the same principles for the design of educational material; general approach to the construction of a methodological apparatus and an orientation apparatus, to the selection of illustrative material; uniform style and design of textbooks. The development of educational information, as a rule, is achieved in the following way: the complication of the content during the transition to the next stage (level) of education; complication of the content when moving to the study of the next topic; complication of the conceptual apparatus; complication of cognitive tasks. When creating educational books for masters, the level of their training should be taken into account: existing basic training; knowledge of foreign languages: the possibility of implementing variable (individual) training; the ability to self-study and self-development; the interdisciplinary nature of training. Authors of textbooks for masters are advised to combine linear and cyclical presentation methods, that is, textbooks should have a combined structure. In addition, the master is a specialist with productive thinking, high information culture. Therefore, he should actively use scientific periodicals and monographic literature. The available experience in the creation of educational literature demonstrates the variety of approaches to the presentation of educational material in the textbook. Usually one of the three principles of presentation is used: a) linear - individual parts of the content are lined up sequentially one after another, without duplicating educational topics studied in different periods, semesters, trimesters; b) concentric - the possibility of referring to the same material in different periods of study is allowed, the complication and expansion of its content is envisaged; c) spiral - the content assumes that students, without losing sight of the 143 original problem, expand and deepen the circle of knowledge associated with it.