Trade policy review report by the secretariat

, p. 151.

154 Tobacco Reporter (2015).

155 UNSD Comtrade online database. Viewed at: http://comtrade.un.org/data/ [December 2014]. For 2013 imports were 55,464,244 kg and value of US$375,582,745.

156 Japan Tobacco Inc. (2014), p. 151.

157 OECD (2013a), p. 2.

158 USDA (2010).

159 USDA (2014).

160 The JDC was established in August 1962 at the behest of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. In 1966, with the enactment of the Deficiency Payment Law, the Japan Dairy Council became a public service corporation. It is composed of prefectural-level associations, and overseen by national advisory organizations such as the Central Union of Agricultural Cooperatives and five other national federations of agricultural associations (JDC online information. Viewed at: http://www.dairy.co.jp/eng/eng15.html [December 2014]).

161 JDC online information. Viewed at: http://www.dairy.co.jp/eng/eng08.html [December 2014].

162 OECD (2014a), p. 49.

163 OECD (2014a), p. 13.

164 MAFF (2013b), p. 4.

165 MIC (2014), Table 7-47.

166 FAO (2011).

167 MAFF online information, The damages cause by the Great East Japan Earthquake and actions taken by Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. Viewed at: http://www.maff.go.jp/e/quake/press_since_120605.html [December 2014].

168 FAO (2012), p. 20.

169 FAOStat, Food Balance Sheets online database. Viewed at: http://faostat3.fao.org/faostat-gateway/go/to/download/FB/*/E [December 2014].

170 OECD (2013c). WTO Secretariat calculations.

171 ^ For the purposes of this section of the Trade Policy Report, fish and fisheries products are taken to include HS2002 Headings 020840, 03, 051191, 1504, 1603, 1604, 1605, and 230120.

172 FRA (2009).

173 European Parliament (2013).

174 FAO (undated).

175 Japanese authorities.

176 MAFF (2013b).

177 Mizahara M. (2012).

178 Japanese authorities; and JETRO (2011), pp. 1-2.

179 MAFF (2013b), p. 27.

180 TACs are set for saury, Alaska pollack, horse mackerel, sardine, mackerel, Japanese common squid, and snow crab.

181 FRC (2008), p. 7 (Japanese). Translated and referred to in European Parliament (2013), p. 25.

182 Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC), Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC), Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC), International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna (ICCAT), Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (CCSBT), General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM), South East Atlantic Fishery Organization (SEAFO), Convention on the Conservation and Management of Pollock Resources in the Central Bering Sea (CCBSP), North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission (NPAFC), Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, and Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO).

183 OECD (2013d), p. 319.

184 European Parliament (2013), p. 23.

185 MAFF (2011a), p. 4.

186 Martini R. (2012).

187 WTO document G/SCM/N/253/JPN/Suppl.1 of 17 March 2014.

188 U.S. Energy Information Administration online data. Viewed at: http://www.eia.gov/countries/data.cfm [December 2014].

189 International Energy Agency online data. Viewed at: http://www.iea.org/statistics/ [November 2014].

190 BP (2014).

191 Sato N., Matsudaira S. (2013), p. 102.

192 ESJ online information. Viewed at: http://www.escj.or.jp/english/ [December 2014].

193 Ito K. (2012), p. 11.

194 METI (2013a).

195 Japan Post Group (2013).

196 WTO document WT/TPR/S/276/Rev.1 of 18 June 2013, Chapter 4, paragraphs 46-50.

197 Japanese Bankers' Association online information. Viewed at: http://www.zenginkyo.or.jp/en/banks/changing/index.html [December 2014].

198 Binder S., Luc Ngai J. (2012), p. 109.

199 WTO document WT/TPR/S/276/Rev.1 of 18 June 2013, Chapter 4, paragraph 51.

200 FSA (2014).

201 Fasol G. (2014) and authorities.

202 MIC (2013), pp. 48-49.

203 NTT Corporation online information. Viewed at: http://www.ntt.co.jp/ir/fin_e/index.html [December 2014].

204 WTO document WT/TPR/S/276/Rev.1 of 18 June 2013, paragraphs 4.71-72.

205 IT Strategic Headquarters (2014).

206 MIC (2014), Table 12-16 and 12-17 and Japanese authorities.

207 Japan Federation of Coastal Shipping Associations online information. Viewed at: http://www.naiko-kaiun.or.jp/e/about/about_cargo.html [December 2014].

208 UNCTAD (2013), pp. 42-43.

209 MIC (2014), Table 12-15.

210 Japan Maritime Center online information. Viewed at: http://jpmac.or.jp/english/introduction.htmlJapan [December 2014].

211 MLIT (2012), p. 118.

212 MLIT (2008), pp. 10, 14-15, 26.

213 JRTT (2013), pp. 10-15 and 26; and the authorities.

214 WTO document S/C/N/571, 5 October 2010.

215 Ports of Singapore Authority has invested in Hibiki port.

216 MLIT online information. Viewed at: http://www.mlit.go.jp/koku/15_hf_000030.html [August 2014].

217 ICAO (2012).

218 Japan Credit Rating Agency Ltd (2012).

219 MLIT online information. Viewed at: http://www.mlit.go.jp/koku/15_hf_000033.html [December 2014].

220 MLIT (2014).

221 NKIAC online information. Viewed at: http://www.nkiac.co.jp/en/concession/index.html [November 2014].

222 Forbes (2014).

223 JAL (2010).

224 The Economist (2012), Japan Airlines – From bloated to floated, 15 September.

225 ETIC, which was established in October 2009 as a wholly owned subsidiary of the Deposit Insurance Corporation of Japan (DICJ) was reorganized in March 2013 and renamed the Regional Economy Vitalization Corporation of Japan (REVIC). DICJ online information. Viewed at: http://www.dic.go.jp/english/e_kikotoha/e_kogaisha/index.html [December 2014].

226 MLIT online information. Viewed at: http://www.mlit.go.jp/koku/15_hf_000118.html [December 2014].

227 MLIT (2012), p. 158.

228 JRTT (2013), p. 2.

229 JRTT (2013), p. 4.

230 JR East (2014), p. 66.

231 Tobu Railway is a public company, part of the Tobu Group of companies, no single shareholder having more than 5% of shares; Tokyo Metro is owned by the government of Japan (53.4%) and the Tokyo Metropolitan government (46.6%); and Toei is run by the Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation on behalf of the owner, the Metropolitan government.