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III
Tourism and
Safety Issues
Yoel Mansfeld and Abraham Pizam
This section is composed of five chapters that dis-
cuss the issue of the physical safety of tourists while
visiting certain destinations or participating in a
variety of dangerous tourist activities. The exposed
dangers contained in this section range from partic-
ipation in commercial adventure tourism activities,
encounters with wildlife, infection from various dis-
eases, and/or being injured by natural disasters and
unsafe travel conditions.
Geoffrey Wall, in a chapter describing the unfold-
ing of the crisis that occurred in Toronto, Canada, as
a result of the SARS epidemic, analyzes the influ-
ence that the media had on public perception of the
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gravity of the event. He suggests that the Canadian media has been somewhat
responsible for arousing fears where minimal risks, in fact, existed. In addition, he
raises some serious questions about the role that the various governments should
have in crisis management and disaster reduction and mitigation plans and he
advocates the creation of such plans for the private sector and especially the
tourism industry. Last, but not least, he describes the various recovery methods that
were used in the SARS case and analyzes their short-term and long-term effec-
tiveness.
In their chapter on Australia’s commercial adventure tourism, Damian Morgan
and Martin Fluker review the research findings and common practices relevant
to risk management for operators in this sector. This review highlights two
salient points: first, a model of the risk management operating environment for
commercial adventure tourism operations, and second, suggestions for research
to enhance understanding of this dynamic tourism sector. The authors conclude
by suggesting that managers in this industry have the responsibility of: (a) pro-
viding their clients with experiences that are adventurous but within an accept-
able margin of safety; and (b) informing their clients about the physical risks
involved in these activities before they commit to the adventure. Because future
clients will be seeking new and more challenging adventure experiences, this
industry, in the authors’ opinion, will become more regulated through legislative
and accreditation requirements, in order to improve safety standards and meet
client needs.
Wilson Irvine and Alistair Anderson’s chapter explores the impacts of foot and
mouth disease on peripheral tourist destinations in the Grampian region of
Scotland, which was indirectly affected by the disease; and the Cumbria region of
England, which was directly affected by the presence of the disease. The empirical
data, collected by two surveys, showed that Cumbria, which was closed to visitors,
was very badly affected, but the Grampian area experienced no cases of foot and
mouth. Despite this, the impact on the tourism industry of both destinations was
similar. In the authors’ opinion this seems to confirm that perceptions, rather than
facts or real circumstances, created the disastrous effects of this catastrophe on the
tourism industry. The authors conclude with the claim that tourism decisions seem
to be made in the heart, not in the head, and therefore it is the responsibility of
public agencies to mitigate against these unrealistic perceptions through tourist
education.
Based on the information provided by travel advisories of the main English-
speaking generating markets to China, Zelia Breda and Carlos Costa identified the
following travel risks/hazards to China:
Crimes
■
Frequent pickpocketing and minor thefts at train and bus stations of large cities.
■
Infrequent violent crimes such as robberies and murder of tourists in some rural
locations.
■
Frequent attacks and robberies of foreigners in popular expatriate bar and night-
club areas in Beijing and Shanghai and in the shopping district of Shenzhen.
■
Minor thefts and sexual harassment on overnight trains and buses.
■
Robberies by armed bandits in the most remote areas of China.
■
An increase in drug smuggling and related crimes in the Yunnan province.
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