J
Japan 34, 41, 69, 73, 75, 79, 190,
191, 196, 200, 201, 203, 252, 253,
254, 255, 258, 261, 262, 265, 266, 268
K
Kenya 42, 43, 295
Kidnapping 4, 94, 309, 341
L
Landslides 141, 195, 205, 293
Larceny 4, 13, 90, 98, 101, 108, 111, 112,
122, 126
Law enforcement 11, 20, 89, 96, 108, 114,
238
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Layoffs 146, 147, 310
Legal requirements 164
Legal system 153, 160
Leisure trip 106, 114
Licensing requirements. 160
Location 2, 6, 14, 46, 50, 85, 95, 107, 108,
112, 114, 115, 116, 117, 126, 127, 128,
129, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 155, 160,
171, 183, 204, 214, 234, 239, 243, 249,
281, 284, 319, 321, 322, 324, 325, 328,
329, 330, 354
Los Angeles 42
M
Macro impacts 106
Mad cow disease 145, 149, 293
Maintenance 16, 21, 159, 231, 235, 263,
318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325,
326, 327, 328, 329, 331
Malaria 141, 189, 193, 211, 252, 266
Malevolent crisis 291, 292, 309
Management of information 144
Margin of safety 140, 164
Marijuana 94, 95, 96, 97, 103, 133
Marketing strategies 12, 69, 72, 151, 235
Mass media 10, 15, 17, 18, 42, 90, 171, 247,
274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 283, 284, 285,
287, 290, 344, 350
Mass tourism 43, 88, 90, 171, 273, 280
Media behavior 9, 17
Media coverage 4, 5, 9, 10, 13, 14, 17, 73,
76, 79, 109, 215, 219, 234, 245, 246,
250, 252, 256, 258, 259, 260, 263, 265,
268, 278, 305, 344, 349
Medical treatment 156, 219
Messianism 36, 47
Mexico 4, 24, 25, 30, 42, 92, 93, 109, 118,
183
Micro impacts 106
Middle East 36, 47, 61, 245, 248, 251, 289,
293
Money laundering 89, 93, 94, 96, 99, 100,
101
Morocco 42
Mosquito-borne diseases 141, 188, 211,
218, 222
Motivated offender 107, 126, 135
Motivation to visit 171, 172
Motives 1, 3, 5, 13
Muggings 109
Mules 95
Multi-Attribute Decision Making approach
(MADM) 313
Munich Olympic Games 42
Murder 4, 13, 14, 35, 36, 38, 39, 42, 90, 91,
94, 101, 107, 108, 109, 111, 113, 140,
252, 295
Muslim terrorism 36
N
Narcoeconomy 14, 84, 87-93
National Tourist Organizations (NTO)
278, 344, 447
Natural disasters 70, 80, 81, 93, 139, 141,
143, 144, 187, 188, 195, 215, 216, 233,
234, 264, 273, 293, 308, 335
Negative impacts V, 1, 30, 161, 209, 215,
223, 277, 353, 554
Negative publicity 113, 295, 301
New Orleans 85, 109, 110, 125-133
New Zealand VI, 68, 70, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79,
112, 214
Nostalgia 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 44, 47
O
Offenders 1, 2, 11, 16, 22, 85, 90, 91, 107,
108, 126, 128, 129, 132, 134, 135
Offshore finance 93, 97, 101
Opportunist robber 126, 135
Opportunity 2, 85, 88, 90, 91, 93, 99, 101,
108, 126, 127, 132, 134, 135, 156, 197,
204, 258, 312, 331, 341
Organic image(s) 171, 272, 344, 345, 350, 351
Organized crime 4, 89, 91, 93, 191
Otherness 169, 172, 173, 182
Overseas tourists 112, 201
P
Pacific Asia Travel Association (PATA)
253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 260, 262, 264,
265, 266, 267
Package tourists 155
Passing of time 84, 117, 120, 121, 241
Peace 16, 44, 45, 50, 54, 58, 61, 65, 172,
241, 242, 313, 334, 335, 349
Perceived risk 10, 15, 157, 158, 221, 222,
272, 273, 275, 281, 282, 283, 286, 287
Perceived Tourist Risk 287
Perception management 10, 18
Perception of risk 7, 17, 180, 270, 271, 278,
279, 281
Peripheral tourism places 169-186
Perpetrators 1, 13, 85, 91, 129, 132, 238,
252, 262, 294
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Peru 34, 42, 295
Petit larceny 111, 122
Philippines 43, 203, 237, 242, 251-269
Physical and social challenges 154
Physical effects 106
Physical risks 140, 156, 164
Pickpocketing 109, 128, 131, 140
Pleasure periphery 88
Police 2, 11, 14, 16, 19, 39, 40, 84, 91, 96, 98,
108, 112, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 134,
258, 296, 307
Political instability 50, 69, 80, 188, 205, 261,
265, 335, 337
Political stability 88, 93, 266
Political unrest 3, 4, 20, 22, 63, 70, 72, 76, 79,
196, 199, 272
Population density 91, 92
Portable wealth 16, 90, 108
Predator 127-128, 212
Previous crime victimization 117, 120
Price cuts 147
Private sector 5, 12, 17, 18, 20, 71, 96, 98,
140, 144, 149, 150, 253, 255, 257, 260,
262, 263, 264, 267, 273, 353
Proactive Security Information Platform 287
Project Phoenix 253, 257, 260, 264, 265, 268
Propensity for risk taking 156
Property crime(s) 13, 90, 91, 101, 107,
108, 112
Prosecution 22, 85, 132
Prostitution 94, 99, 194
Proximity 6, 29, 92, 93, 108, 129, 199,
261, 299
Psychocentric 47
Psychological effects 106, 173, 338
Public liability insurance 160
Public percetions 139, 299
Public relations 10, 12, 71, 72, 73, 75, 76, 79,
161, 230, 233-249, 295, 298, 301, 302
Public sector 5, 71, 72, 96, 98, 144, 257, 267,
353
Pull marketing 258, 269
Push and pull factors 170
Push Marketing 259, 268
R
Racism 147, 189, 242
Rape 4, 13, 14, 90, 101, 107, 108, 111,
112, 113
Rational choice perspective 126, 135
Rational process 108
Real risks 8, 157
Recovery methods 2, 11, 12, 20, 21, 140
Recovery plan 70-73, 80
Recovery program 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 79, 253,
266, 268
Recovery strategy 67, 69, 147, 148, 262
Reflective nostalgia 47
Regional Marketing 254, 266, 267, 268
Religious activities 141, 188, 196
Repeat visitation 105-123
Resentment 84, 99
Residents 4, 13, 15, 19, 20, 21, 22, 84, 90, 97,
98, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 148,
155, 173, 196, 213, 237, 240, 242, 246,
299, 301
Restoration Alliance 267
Restorative nostalgia 37, 38, 47
Restrictions on public demonstrations 188
Return visit 254
Revisitation 105-123
Rip-offs 192
Risk V, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19,
41, 46, 47, 81, 99, 107, 108, 110, 134,
141, 143-152, 153-168, 170, 172, 173,
176, 187-208, 209-227, 230-232, 252,
256, 257, 258, 259, 265, 271-290, 301,
337, 338, 339, 340, 342, 343, 345, 350
Risk exposure 155, 157
Risk management 11, 81, 140, 143, 144,
151, 153-168, 222, 223, 257, 272, 276,
283, 286
Risk mitigation 144
Risk perception 10, 18, 217-222, 230, 272,
273, 274, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285,
287
Risk reduction strategy(ies) 18, 151, 152,
271-286, 287
Risk taking behaviors 153
Risk-averse markets 151
Risk-free destination-choice 274
Risky activities 109
Road and air safety 188
Robbers 111, 126, 132
Robbery 4, 13, 40, 85, 89, 90, 91, 94, 98,
101, 107, 108, 111, 112, 113, 122,
125-137, 295
Robin Hood theory/model 13, 36, 40,
107, 111
Routine activity (theory/perspective) 107
Russia 109, 190, 203, 341
S
Safe destination 110, 241
Safe society 153
Safety codes 160, 163
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Safety standards 140, 157, 165, 195
Sari Club bombing 252, 253, 255, 257,
260-264
SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome) 139, 140, 141, 143-152,
188, 194, 195, 199, 201-204, 251-269,
293, 294
Scare mongering 150
Scotland 140-186
Second gaze 127, 135
Security communication 272, 276, 277, 285
Security incidents V,VI, 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22,
23, 30, 31, 229, 230, 296, 353, 354
Security information 18, 230, 231, 271-290
Security measures 8, 11, 17, 19, 46, 146,
277, 341
Sensation seeking 172, 217
Sense of entitlement 13, 90
September 11, 2001 V, 30, 33, 34, 43, 44, 47,
69, 79, 81, 128, 146, 148, 173, 187, 191,
199, 231, 236, 245, 252, 256, 258, 268,
270, 291-311, 331, 332
Severity 5, 6, 13, 14, 15, 23, 60, 69, 84,
109, 114, 116, 119, 121, 122, 123,
195, 353
Sexually transmitted diseases (STD)
189, 193
Shooting(s) 96, 106, 109
Shortchanging 192
Singapore 203, 251-270
Skewed values 293, 294, 309
Small island destination 66
Social stability 187, 192, 204
Societal effects 106, 107
Source Markets 68, 69, 71, 74, 75, 253, 254,
255, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 265,
267, 268
Southeast Asia 67, 80, 252
Spontaneous process 108
Staged authenticity 127
Street culture 13, 128
Street robbery 85, 125-137
Structural Choice 108, 123
Subjective interpretations 172, 173
Sustainability 98, 99, 223
T
Targets V, 3, 4, 5, 13, 16, 30, 34, 38, 41, 42,
43, 74, 79, 90, 128, 134, 189, 191, 292,
294, 295, 297, 299, 303, 339, 341
Tax holiday 148
Tax relief 147, 299, 318
Terror V, 4, 12, 30, 34, 36, 38, 49-65, 239,
240, 241, 252, 273, 277, 281, 301, 312,
316, 317, 333, 334
Terror Magnitude Index (TMI) 65
Terrorism 1, 2, 3, 4, 12, 13, 14, 15, 22, 29,
30, 31, 33-48, 50, 57, 63, 65, 146, 173,
187, 188, 189, 191, 205, 215, 253, 254,
255, 256, 258, 262, 266, 267, 279,
291-311, 353
Terrorist climate 54
Thailand 105, 193, 199, 236, 252, 253, 254,
256, 260
Theft 4, 84, 85, 90, 91, 98, 105-124,
126, 128
Thrills 154, 173
Tiananmen Square incident 141.188, 196,
197, 198, 199, 200, 205, 240, 340
Toronto 143-152
Tour operators 7, 8, 15, 16, 18, 73, 98, 109,
154, 177, 192, 198, 217, 231, 232, 246,
253, 255, 257, 259, 260, 262, 264, 274,
275, 276, 277, 279, 280, 281, 283, 284,
334-352
Tourism Action Group (TAG) 277
Tourism demand 2, 4, 5, 12, 13, 15, 23,
49, 56, 64, 105, 109, 187, 188, 260,
262, 341
Tourism employment 146, 204
Tourism expenditures 146
Tourism image 68, 170, 200
Tourism Market 49-65, 202, 204, 257, 265,
334, 335, 347
Tourism Oriented Policing (TOPS) 47
Tourism recovery 149, 251-269, 291-311
Tourism security theory 1-27
Tourist dwelling 122
Tourist robbery pattern 128, 135
Tourist role 134, 136
Tourist safety education 215
Tourist season 108, 198
Training 11, 44, 46, 78, 99, 100, 145, 155,
157, 158, 159, 160, 163, 204, 265, 300,
307, 308
Travel advisory(ies) 1, 8, 9, 11, 17, 18, 19,
22, 31, 68, 71, 72, 73, 75, 79, 140, 146,
147, 148, 151, 152, 191, 194, 198, 199,
230, 251, 263, 265, 266, 267, 268, 276,
277, 283, 285, 287, 336, 337, 341
Travel behavior sequence 270, 275,
281-283, 286
Travel choices 172
Travel information 7, 191, 270-300
Travel warning 276
Tunisia 237, 342
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Turbulent environment 143, 144, 150, 151
Turkey 37, 38, 237, 241, 301, 341, 342,
343, 349
Typhoid 141, 193, 211, 252, 266
Typhoons 188, 195, 205, 264
U
UK 30, 69, 173, 176, 190, 191, 201, 203, 218
Unemployment 91, 92, 234, 247, 299
Uniformed police 2, 84, 98
USA 69, 109, 190, 191, 201, 203, 218
V
Vehicle 115, 116, 210
Victimization 16, 39, 84, 85, 98, 105, 106,
107, 108, 110, 111, 112, 117, 120, 121,
125-137
Victims 2, 11, 13, 16, 19, 34, 38, 42, 83,
84, 85, 90, 98, 106, 107, 108, 110, 111,
112, 113, 115, 120, 121, 122, 125, 126,
129, 131, 132, 133, 134, 148, 212, 253,
256, 257, 259, 262, 263, 264, 294, 301,
306, 307
Vietnam 193, 252, 253, 255
Vigilant 132
Violence 22, 30, 39, 40, 45, 63, 72, 84, 90,
94, 96, 98, 100, 111, 122, 200, 205,
216, 238, 252, 256, 261, 267, 317,
336, 339
Visitor arrival 77, 80, 260
Visitor density 91, 92
Visitor flow 176, 192, 196, 275, 277, 345
Visitor protection 98
Visitor safety 109, 216
Vulnerability 7, 68, 86, 92, 105, 125,
126, 131, 134, 135, 172, 173, 195,
267, 345
W
Warfare 21, 30, 33, 40, 41, 65, 90, 96,
197, 353
Wars 1, 4, 12, 22, 33, 34, 47, 143, 144,
246, 273
Washington, D.C. 34, 40, 43, 67, 76, 106,
109, 117, 118, 231, 236, 291-311
Weapons 72, 94, 129, 132, 191, 197
White water rafting 157, 159, 165
WHO (World Health Organization) 146,
147, 193, 252, 259, 266
Wildlife attacks 209-227
Wildlife encounters 141, 209-227
Word-of-mouth recommendation(s) 84, 98
World Tourism Organization (WTO) 49,
257, 264, 265, 335
WOW Philippines 251-269
Z
Zoonotic disease 224
Index
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