Topoformanten und ihre semantischen unterschiede in der struktur der oikonyme von Karakalpakstan Kurbanov Mukhtar Dauletbaevich

Keywords: Toponym, oikonym, grammar, root oikonym, affix, morphology, structure, formant, toponymic formant, topoformant.
The language is constantly evolving phenomenon. It lives in close contact with society. Changes and innovations taking place in society are also reflected in the language.

Each word structurally contains parts. In linguistics, they are called morphemes. Depending on their semantic and grammatical function, they are divided into root morphemes and auxiliary morphemes. Such a division in the structure of words is also characteristic of the system of toponyms.

The study of toponyms in terms of their structure allows us to determine from which units (root, auxiliary morpheme, affix, topoformant) they are formed. In this way it is possible to identify the methods of formation of the term, etymology, old words and forms that already exist in the language or are no longer used, as well as some phonetic phenomena.

Each region has its own system of toponyms, and they are formed according to the rules of the language. About this A.V. Superanskaya says: “Each geographical term appears in accordance with the rules of the language to which it belongs, so the study of structural types of toponyms is important not only for toponymy, but also for linguistics. The structure of toponyms should be studied on the basis of linguistic principles "[16.61].

The most part of the toponyms consists of the oikonyms. These include living quarters of people, such as villages, city, towns, settlements, old fortress, and proper names of addresses. In the scientific works, oikonyms, their lexical-semantic,

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grammatical structure, methods of construction, models are studied in the composition of toponyms.

Based on the opinion of the well-known toponymist V.A. Nikonov: “Geographical term is a word. Like all words, it obeys the rules of the language” [12.66], the morphological features of oikonyms (formation, structure, etc.) can be learned by dividing into such types as appellate root, affixive, formant, compound.

Each language has its own peculiarities and features of the formation of oikonyms. This is especially evident in the construction of terms, the models of construction. In the works related to the toponymy, toponyms, one of which is the morphological structure of oikonyms, traditionally divided into simple and compound depending on the number of components.

In the toponymy of Turkic languages, simple structural terms are not plural in comparison with compound forms. According to scholars, only some of the tools of word formation in a particular region are used in the creation of toponyms, as it may be suitable for the people who live in the region, i.e. the creators of the term [17.89]. This idea also belongs to the system of oikonyms.

Simple oikonyms consist of a single lexical unit, which is characterized by brevity in use, convenience and full compliance with the requirements of the term. Uzbek toponymist T. Enazarov, studying the structural structure of simple Turkic toponyms, divided them into root toponyms and derivative toponyms [23.5]. This division of terms takes into account the presence or absence of affixes in the toponym.

In the works related to the toponymy, morphemes in the auxiliary function, which are part of toponyms and participate in its formation, are used as toponymic lexeme (topolexema), toponymic affix (topoaffix), toponymic formant (topoformant). In the dictionary of onomastic terms and scientific research there are several concepts and definitions about them. Let's talk about some of them. According to B.A. Serebrennikov, toponymy creates such words in word-formation models that over time they do not mean anything in the language. He calls a group of words that have

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passed into such auxiliary function topolexems [15.37]. A. Khromov considers topoformants as suffixes transferred from appellative lexicon to toponymy, calls as suffixes which create toponym or auxiliary morphemes [20.3]. The well-known onomastic scientist A.V.Superanskaya defined topoformant, toponymic formant as auxiliary element that creates a toponym [18.102].

In the dictionary of onomastic terms the term topoformant is defined as follows: topoformant – suffixes in the structure of toponym, inflections, special auxiliary words that create the toponym, and the smallest part of the meaning of the term is topobasis [13.176].

Z. Dusimov first used the concepts of formant and topoformant in Uzbek toponymy and made an analysis of several formant toponyms that are common in Khorezm toponymy. He called toponymic formant (topoformant), which is common in toponyms, but non-functional suffixes [3.136]. In another study, the term formant terms was used for toponyms that contain any grammatical elements (word-formation, word-modifier) [4.47].

N. Begaliev and A. Turobov believe that the topoformant is an affix morpheme, and the topolexema had historically a sema as a separate word before, and now it is necessary to understand lexemes that are not used on their own [2.9].

K. Hakimov and M. Mirakmalov's work "Toponymy" defines the term formant (Latin formans - "maker, creater") as an element that creates a word, but does not use it separately. It is said that they are especially common in toponyms: -kent (Nushkent, Yangikent), -laq (Toshloq, Qumloq) [19.21].

Thus, the word that formed the basis of the toponym is topobasis, and the part that has an auxiliary character involved in the creation of the toponym is topoformant.

In the XIX century, in the Russian linguistics the academician A.Kh. Vostokov firstly paid attention to the fact that the syllables -ra, -ga, -ma, which came at the end of river terms, were repeated several times: -ra - Pechora, Ijora; ga - Pinega, Onega; - ma – Vyaz’ma, Klyaz’ma, Kostromai, etc. This also increased the interest of

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toponymists. Later, the scholars developed a negative dictionary of the terms according to their final suffixes in order to determine the terms that eventually finish into a single syllable. Thus, the last syllables began to be called formant or topoformant, as if they had a certain function. Taking into account these functions of A. Vostokov, the experts of the branch call him a founder of the method of formative research, which is widely used in toponymic research.

The most difficult and complex aspect of the definition of a toponymic formant is that any auxiliary morphemes in the term are sometimes understood as topoformants. For example, the affixes –shı and –laq in the oikonyms Balıqshı awılı, Taslaq elatı, are included in the topoformant. Basically, these are word-forming affixes, not topoformants. The given terms are formed from the derivative words balıqshı, taslaq in the appellate lexicon (not onomastics).

Topoformants are not as widely used in toponymy as word-forming affixes. Before they were words that meant something, then became topoformants. Therefore, E.M. Murzaev said that many toponymic formants are derived from geographical terms and their original meaning can be reconstructed through linguistic research [10.17].

There are not many topoformants in the oikonomy of Turkic languages. In fact, some Turkologists say that there are no topoformants of Turkish origin [6.208]. In modern Turkic languages, topoformants -abad, -kent, -kesh, -rabat, -rud, -stan are widely used, which form the oikonyms of place and are characteristic of the Iranian languages.

In the oikonomy of Karakalpakstan there are terms with formants abad, kent and stan. Below we talk about their function in creating oikonom, semantic, etymological differences.

-abad topoformant is the most oikonomic formant in Central Asia, the etymology of which is derived from the Persian word apat which means "elatlı orın (inhabited place)", "gúllengen (prosperous)".

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This topoformant is still used as a word and topoformant in modern Iranian and a number of Turkic languages. In the composition of oikonyms it means "awıl (village)", "qala (city)", and in itself means "gúllengen (prosperous)", "abat (prosperity)".

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