Topildiev Nasirjon Rakhimzhanovich Candidate of Historical Sciences, Assoc. Namangan Institute of Civil Engineering, Namangan, Uzbekistan the political situation of the kokand khanate in the 50-60s of the XIX century annotation

Topildiev Nasirjon Rakhimzhanovich

Candidate of Historical Sciences, Assoc.

Namangan Institute

of Civil Engineering, Namangan, Uzbekistan
THE POLITICAL SITUATION OF THE KOKAND KHANATE IN THE 50-60S OF THE XIX CENTURY
Annotation. The political situation of the Kokand Khanate in the 50-60s of the XIX century is analyzed, the events and trends of the political life of the Kokand Khanate and its relations with neighboring states on the eve of its conquest by the Russian Empire are studied.

Keywords. Kokand Khanate, tsarism, Russia, conquest, strategic partnership, colonization, trade, cultural ties, politics, source, source studies, Turkestan, popular uprisings.

In 1709, with the help of influential nobility, the khan's throne of the state in the Fergana Valley, created by the privileged Khoja caste among Muslims, was occupied by the leader of the Ming tribe - Shahrukhbiy. From Eski Kurgan, the ruler's residence was transferred to Kokand, since then the khanate has been called Kokand. Under Shahrukhbieh, the cities of Osh, Uzgend, and Khojent were still independent, and the northern border of the state stretched to Namangan Shahidan. After Shahrukhbiy's death in 1721, the throne was transferred to one of his sons, Abdurahimbiy. After him, Abdulkarimbai ibn Shahrukhbiy (1734-1750) became the ruler. His son Abdurakhman ruled for only 9 months, then he was appointed hakim of Margilan, and the second son of Abdurakhimbiy – Erdonabiy (Abdulkayumkhan, 1750-1762) became khan, and after him Suleymankhan ibn Shadibiy ibn Shahrukhbiy, Abdulhamidkhan ibn Abdurakhimkhan "Narbatyr" - Narbutabiy, Alimkhan (1798-1810) ruled, and after him Suleymankhan ibn Shadibiy ibn Shahrukhbiy, Abdulhamidkhan ibn Abdurakhimkhan "Narbatyr" (1798-1810). On February 6, 1810, to the throne of the Kokand Khanate Umarkhan Muhammad Abdulhamid (nArbutakhan) ascended Bahadir.

During the reign of Umarkhan, the borders of the Kokand Khanate extended to Turkestan and Dashti-Kipchak in the north, to Samarkand in the west, to Kuhistan and Kulyab, Hissar and Shakhrisabz¹ in the south, and to East Turkestan in the east. Socio-economic processes have intensified in the Kokand state, including in the Central Asian region.

It should be noted that Kokand and Bukhara have always fought for the border towns of Jizzakh and Ura-Tube, which changed hands annually and sometimes twice a year. After Umarkhan's death, his son Muhammad Alikhan (mAdalikhan) continued the wars of conquest, maintaining relations mainly with Eastern Turkestan. Under Muhammad Alikhan (1822-1842), the power of Kokand was recognized by the inhabitants of the foothill and mountain (Pamir) provinces of Kulyab, Hissar, Badakhshan, Darvaz, Maschokh, and then some possessions of the northern Kyrgyz were also annexed to them. Despite the fact that in the last years of the reign of Muhammad Alikhan, the political influence of the Kokand Khanate in Central Asia noticeably increased, the situation inside the country was extremely difficult. Taking advantage of internal contradictions in the khanate, the Bukhara Emir Nasrullahan began aggressive actions against him, and in May 1842 occupied the city of Kokand.²

In the autumn of 1842, power passed into the hands of Sheralikhan, who lived in Kyrgyz Talas, and in 1844 his 14-year-old son Khudoyarkhan became khan. But it so happened that he was twice in Bukhara captivity, once he himself fled to Bukhara, and therefore, in his absence, the khan's throne passed to Mallahan (1858), from him to Sultan Saidkhan (1863), and then to Nasriddinbek, and from 1866 to Khudoyarkhan. Thus, the struggle for power between the khan and the members of the Khan dynasty, the appanage rulers, representatives of the upper classes became more and more acute, clashes between the sedentary and nomadic population were frequent; Kyrgyz and Kipchaks opposed the khan's despotism. All this negatively affected the economic and social life of the Khanate, its foreign policy situation.
Taking advantage of the internecine struggle of the Central Asian khanates, the government of the Russian Empire began to implement its long-standing plans to conquer the region, sending agents to the khanates under the guise of merchants or scientific researchers to collect detailed information about their internal and foreign policy situation. The materials of this study indicate that after the execution of Moslemkul, the strife between the Kyrgyz-Kipchaks and the settled population became even more bitter. The authorities of the Empire sent their troops to besiege the Ak Mosque (now Kzyl-Orda), the conquest of which in 1852 it marked the beginning of the enmity between the Kokand Khanate and Russia.

In 1858, Mallahan opposed Khudoyarkhan and overthrew him from the throne. At the same time, he sent ambassadors to China and Turkey. However, on February 24, 1862, Mallahan was killed. Alimkuli (Kyrgyz) helped Mallahan's son Shah Murad to take the khan's throne, and since the khan was very young, "along with the right to appoint rulers of all cities and fortifications, Alimkuli is given the right to rule the khanate." ³Knowing this, mingbashi Kanoatsho turned to Khudoyarkhan, who was in Bukhara, with a proposal to take the throne of Tashkent. In turn, Shah Murad led a 14,000-strong army to Tashkent. The Emir of Bukhara Muzaffar, deciding to take advantage of the current situation, began a campaign to Kokand. Wanting to save his strength, Shah Murad retreated to Alatau. Thus, the troops of Shah Murad began to pull up to Kokand on the one hand, on the other – Khudoyarkhan, and on the third – the emir of Bukhara.

During 1863, Khudoyarkhan tried to break the resistance of the Kyrgyz-Kipchaks, but having failed, he again headed to Bukhara. Sultan Saidkhan took the Kokand throne with the help of the military commander Alimkuli, and the latter retained the authority to govern the state. Under Sultan Saidkhan and Alimkuli, the invasion of the Russian army into the region accelerated. In May – June 1865 Tashkent was conquered. After the death of Alimkuli, by order of the Emir, Sultan Saidkhan was taken to Bukhara, and the Kokand Khanate passed into the possession of the Bukhara Emirate.

Thus, in the relations of the Kokand Khanate with neighboring states, the confrontation with the Bukhara Emirate caused many troubles. These relations, with the exception of trade ties, have always been complicated: from open opposition to the conquest of the khanate's territories. The Bukhara emirs invaded the khanate's possessions five times for various reasons. The events in East Turkestan influenced the relationship of the Kokand Khanate with China, with which an agreement was reached in the 30s of the XIX century, on the basis of which the Kokand Khan took duties and taxes from merchants. In response, the Kokand khans were not supposed to support the rulers of East Turkestan. At the same time, the authorities of the Russian Empire continued their policy of expanding the limits of their influence. Russian military expansion after Siberia, the Far East, the Volga region, the Caucasus and the Kazakh zhuzes, spread to the khanates of Central Asia. Strong opposition from Great Britain, coupled with the defeat in the Crimean War, somewhat slowed down the aggressive plans of the Russian Empire. But the strengthening of the capitalist trend, which stimulated the development of industry, trade and contributed to the activation of trade and economic ties with the Central Asian khanates, prompted the Russian leaders to form expansion in relation to them. Representatives of the trade capital of the region, in turn, sought to take advantage of the favorable market situation that was developing in connection with the growing needs of Russian industry in agricultural raw materials. But Russia sought not only to trade with the region, but also to dominate it, since it was a producer of agricultural and mineral raw materials, as well as a huge market for Russian goods.

1^ Умарнома, 31^а – 31^б.

2^ Тухфат ат-таворихи хоний. 218^б.; «Тазкираи султони» 60^б – 60^а.; Бейсенбиев Т. Указ.соч. – С.20.

3^ Бабабеков Ҳ. Қўқон тарихи. – Б.240.