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Impact on accessibility and intermodality
 A third important aspect concerns the improvement of urban mobility and of intermodal connectivity that came with the event, among them in particular the opening of a new subway line in Milan (plus another still under construction) and motorway junctions around the exhibition site and to the town. In addition, the aforementioned agreements with major rail and air transport companies also allowed an increase in connections between main north Italian and city airports and direct high-speed train connections with the exhibition site. These actions represent a long-term legacy for the city.
United Kingdom
Attracting more visitors to the city was a key aim of the Liverpool European Capital of Culture 2008 (ECoC) bid, which sought to use tourism as a driver for economic development, both directly through visitor spend and subsequent growth of the visitor economy (Garcia et al, 2010). Results show that in 2008, 35% of visits to Liverpool were influenced by the ECoC title and would not have taken place otherwise. In total, 9.7 million visits to Liverpool in 2008 were motivated by the Liverpool ECoC, thus generating a direct economic impact of GBP 754 million attributable to the ECoC title and events programme.
A broader examination of the European Capital of Culture: Success Strategies and Long-term Effects identified evidence of a very positive short-term tourism impacts associated with hosting the ECoC. Results over the longer term, however, were mixed, with those host cities able to sustain the short-term boost in numbers in the years following the ECoC having developed post-ECoC marketing and event strategies (European Parliament 2013).
In July 2014, Yorkshire, Cambridge, Essex and London staged the first three stages of the 2014 Tour de France. The Tour is the largest annual global sporting event, and the oldest and most iconic cycle race in the world. In hosting the event the various partners aimed not only to deliver a world-class sporting event but also to:
 Enhance the UK’s reputation as a world leader in delivering major events;
 Secure significant economic benefits for the areas the Tour passed through, as well as for the UK overall;
 Raise the profile of Yorkshire, Cambridge, Essex and London as attractive places to visit and invest.
A post-event assessment of impacts showed that the event had a significant economic impact and one which was likely to continue. The direct economic impact on the “host regions” was GBP 128 million while for the UK overall (i.e. from overseas visitors, including the teams, overseas media and the ASO (the Amaury Sports Organisation – the owners of the Tour de France) the impact was GBP 33 million. The figures for the individual host regions were GBP 102 million for Yorkshire and GBP 30.5 million for the combined region of Cambridge, Essex and London, including GBP 19.5 million for London (the figures do not sum as adjustments were made to account for spectators moving between regions).
The principal component of the economic impact is the expenditure of visitors coming into the host regions to watch the Tour de France (86% of the total). The spectator survey results showed that 1.3 million spectators were visitors to the respective host regions, including 113 000 visitors from overseas. Overall, the event generated expenditure of GBP 109.8 million based on the 1.33 million visitors.