|
Figure 17.
U.S. import of photosensitive semiconductor devices including PV cells,
1996-2015.
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce and the U.S. International Trade Commission.
Figure 18.
U.S. trade balance of solar goods.
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
(Million USD)
China
Malaysia
Mexico
Japan
Other
-2000
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
2010
2011
Balance with China
Balance with the World
(Million USD)
91
Source: International trade in Environmental Goods 2012 Report, Senator Ron Wyden,
February 28, 2012; The U.S. International Trade Commission
In response to the petition of the manufacturers, the U.S. Department of
Commerce released its preliminary determination on May 17, 2012. It decided that the
crystalline-silicon solar cells from China were subject to antidumping (AD) and
countervailing duties (CVD). In October 10, 2012, the U.S. Department of Commerce
issued its final determination, which affirmed its preliminary finding. On November 7,
2012, the U.S. International Trade Commission determined the imposition of AD/CVD
duties ranging from 22.5 to 255.4 percent on solar cells and modules imported from
China.
On December 31, 2013, SolarWorld filed a new petition against solar products
from China and Taiwan. Since the duties applied to panels made from Chinese solar cells,
Chinese manufacturers were able to avoid the duties by assembling panels from cells
produced in Taiwan. This loophole had led SolarWorld to file a new petition. In response
to this petition, the U.S. Department of Commerce determined that the imports of solar
products from China had been sold in the U.S. at dumping margins from 26.71 to 165.04
percent, and those from Taiwan had been sold at dumping margins from 11.45 to 27.55
percent on December 16, 2014.
In July 2015, the U.S. Department of Commerce conducted an administrative
review of the duties on Chinese solar products, and has confirmed that it will keep the
duties with revised rates. In January 2016, the U.S. International Trade Administration
issued preliminary findings of the second administrative review of the duties on Chinese
92
solar products. The dumping margin was found to be at 4.53 to 11.47 percent, which was
lower than the original dumping margin.
Data and method
A social network analysis provides a useful tool to analyze political coalitions. It
is a set of methods for investigating relational data. Relational data concerns the
connections, ties, and contacts, and cannot be reduced to individual agents’ attribution.
115
In this vein, the advantage of social network analysis is to model the relationship among
actors.
116
The choice of social network analysis is natural because political interactions of
firms are the main interest of this study.
The method of this study is “discourse network analysis,” which combines a
content analysis and a social network analysis. A discourse network analysis enables to
measure and visualize political discourses in a quantitative way. It also allows researchers
to conduct longitudinal analysis and to build discursive structures in a bottom-up
approach.
117
As discourse network analysis identifies networks between actors, it enables
researchers to discover different levels of coalitions rather than simply classify actors into
coalitions.
The data set is established by a content analysis of seven U.S. newspapers:
USA
Today, The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, Los Angeles Times, New York
115
Scott , John,
Social Network Analysis : a Handbook
, (London: SAGE Publications,
1991).
116
Wasserman, Stanley and Faust, Katherine,
Social Network Analysis: Methods and
applications
, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
117
Leifeld, Philip, and Sebastian Haunss. "Political discourse networks and the conflict
over software patents in Europe."
European Journal of Political Research
51, no. 3
(2012): 382-409.
93
Post, The Washington Post, and New York Daily News
. The newspapers were selected
because they were either one of the top 5 U.S newspapers by circulation or one of the top
5 U.S. newspapers by digital traffic. Multiple newspapers were used to reduce the
possibility of missing important actors. All news articles that included five search
terms—
U.S., China, solar, panel, and trade
—were obtained in the period 2009-2014 in
LexisNexis, ProQuest, and the Archives of Los Angeles Times. The year of 2009 was
selected as the start year as a quick review of the newspaper articles revealed that solar
panels from China were mentioned from 2009 onwards. In total, 572 articles were
obtained (Table 11).
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
