Title: Flood as an emergency

Flood as an emergency
Title: Flood as an emergency
Section: Life safety abstracts
Type: abstract Added 03: 36: 04 July 04, 2011Similar works
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Content

Introduction

1. Causes of flooding

2. flood Effects

3. flood prevention And rescue activities

Conclusion

List of references used

Introduction

It is well known that the state and development of both the biosphere and human society is directly dependent on the state of water resources. In recent decades, an increasing number of experts and politicians among the problems facing humanity, number 1 is called the problem of water. Water problems arise in four cases: when there is no or insufficient water, when the quality of water does not meet social, environmental and economic requirements, when the regime of water bodies does not meet the optimal functioning of ecosystems, and the mode of its supply to consumers does not meet the social and economic requirements of the population, and, finally, when the excess of water inhabited territories suffer from floods.

In the global aspect, the first three problems were born out of the outgoing century, and the fourth has accompanied human society since ancient times. And paradoxically, for many centuries, humanity, which has been making incredible efforts to protect itself from floods, has not been able to succeed in this event. On the contrary, flood damage continues to grow with each passing century. It has increased especially strongly, by about 10 times, in the second half of the last century. According to our calculations, the area of flood-prone areas on the Globe is approximately 3 million square meters. km, which is home to about 1 billion people.

1. causes of flooding

Flood - temporary flooding of a significant part of the land with water as a result of natural forces. Depending on the underlying causes, they can be divided into groups.

Floods caused by heavy precipitation or heavy melting of snow or glaciers. This leads to a sharp rise in the level of rivers, lakes, and congestion. Breaking of congestion and dams can lead to the formation of a breakout wave, characterized by rapid movement of huge masses of water and a significant height. The flood of August 1989 in Primorye demolished a significant number of bridges and buildings, while a huge number of livestock were killed, power lines and communications were damaged, roads were destroyed, and thousands of people were left homeless.

Floods caused by wind surges. They are typical for coastal areas where there are mouths of large rivers that flow into the sea. The surge wind delays the movement of water into the sea, which dramatically increases the water level in the river. The coasts of the Baltic, Caspian and Azov seas are under constant threat of such flooding. Thus, St. Petersburg has experienced more than 240 such floods during its existence. At the same time, there were cases of heavy vessels appearing on the streets, which caused the destruction of urban buildings. In November, 1824. the water level in the Neva river rose above normal by 4 m; in 1924 - by 3.69 m, when the water flooded half of the city; in December 1973 - by 2.29 m; in January 1984-by 2.25 m. And as a consequence of floods-huge material losses and victims.

Floods caused by underwater earthquakes. They are characterized by the appearance of giant waves of great length-a tsunami (in Japanese- "big wave in the Harbor"). The speed of tsunami propagation is up to 1000 km/h. The wave height in the area of its occurrence does not exceed 5 m. But when approaching the coast, the steepness of the tsunami increases sharply, and waves with great force fall on the coast. At flat coasts, the wave height does not exceed 50 m, and in narrow bays it reaches 50 m (tunnel effect). The duration of the tsunami is up to 3 hours, and the coastline affected by them reaches a length of 1000 km. In 1952. waves almost washed away Yuzhno-Kurilsk.

The natural causes of floods are well known to readers, and therefore we will only mention them. In most parts of The world, floods are caused by prolonged, intense rains and heavy rains as a result of the passage of cyclones. Floods on the rivers of the Northern hemisphere also occur due to rapid melting of snow, ice jams, and ice jams. Foothills and high-altitude valleys are subject to flooding associated with the breakthroughs of intraglacial and blockage lakes. In coastal areas, surging floods are not uncommon in strong winds, and in underwater earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, floods caused by tsunami waves.

In recent centuries, especially in the twentieth century, anthropogenic factors have played an increasingly important role in increasing the frequency and destructive power of floods. Among them, first of all, deforestation should be mentioned (the maximum surface runoff increases by 250-300 %), irrational farming (as a result of a decrease in the infiltration properties of soils, according to some calculations, in the Central regions of Russia from the IX to XX centuries, the surface runoff increased 4 times and the intensity of floods sharply increased). A significant contribution to the increase in the intensity of floods and floods was made by: longitudinal plowing of slopes, over-compaction of fields using heavy equipment, over-watering as a result of violation of irrigation standards. Average flood costs in urbanized areas have approximately tripled due to the growth of waterproofs and buildings. A significant increase in the maximum runoff is associated with the economic development of floodplains, which are natural regulators of runoff. In addition to the above, several reasons should be mentioned that directly lead to the formation of floods: incorrect implementation of flood protection measures, leading to the breakthrough of collapse dams, destruction of artificial dams, emergency workings of reservoirs, etc.

2. flood Effects

В структуре санитарных потерь при наводнениях преобладают травмы (переломы, повреждения суставов, позвоночника, мягких тканей). Зафиксированы случаи заболеваний в результате переохлаждения (пневмония, ОРЗ, ревматизм, утяжеление течения хронических болезней), появления жертв от ожогов (из-за разлитых и загоревшихся на поверхности воды ЛВГЖ).

In the structure of sanitary losses, a significant place is occupied by children, and the most frequent consequences among the population are psychoneuroses, intestinal infections, malaria, and yellow fever. Especially great are the human losses on the coasts during hurricanes and tsunamis, as well as during the destruction of dams and dams (more than 93% of those who drowned). An example is the aftermath of the 1970 Bangladesh flood: most of the coastal Islands lost their entire population; out of 72,000 fishermen, 46,000 died in the coastal waters. More than half of those killed were children under the age of 10, although they accounted for only 30% of the disaster area's population. The mortality rate was also high among the population over 50 years of age, among women and patients.

Frequent companions of floods are large-scale poisoning. Due to the destruction of sewage treatment plants, warehouses with AHS and other harmful substances, poisoning of drinking water sources occurs. It is possible to develop extensive fires when HDL IS spilled on the surface of water (gasoline and other flammable liquids are lighter than water).

3. flood prevention Measures, rescue operations.

Floods are successfully predicted, and the relevant services give warnings to dangerous areas, which reduces damage. Dams, dams, and hydraulic structures that regulate water flow are being built in flood areas. In the meandering places of the rivers, work is being carried out to widen and straighten their channels. During the threatened period, the duty and maintenance of the readiness of GO formations is organized. Early evacuation of the population, cattle theft, and removal of equipment is carried out.

Rescue operations in areas of flooding often occur in difficult weather conditions (heavy rains, fogs, squally winds). Rescue efforts begin with reconnaissance, using watercraft and helicopters equipped with communications equipment.

Places where people congregate are identified, and funds are sent there to ensure their rescue. Work on hydraulic structures is carried out by units of the engineering and emergency services of the state emergency service of the Russian Federation: this is the strengthening of dams, dams, embankments or their construction.

In case of floods, rescue teams, teams and groups, as well as departmental specialized teams and divisions equipped with watercraft, sanitary squads and posts, hydrometeorological posts, reconnaissance groups and links, combined detachments (teams) of mechanization of works, formations of construction, repair and construction organizations, and public order protection are involved in rescue operations.

Flood rescue operations are aimed at finding people in the flooded area (putting them on boats, rafts, barges or helicopters) and evacuating them to safe places.

Reconnaissance groups and units operating on high-speed watercraft and helicopters determine the places where people gather in the flooded area, their condition, and periodically send sound and light signals. Based on the obtained intelligence data, the head of the GO clarifies the tasks of the formations and puts them forward to the objects of rescue operations.

Small groups of people who are in the water are thrown lifebuoys, rubber balls, boards, poles, or other swimming objects, taking into account the current of the water, wind direction, remove them to watercraft and evacuate to safe areas. Motor ships, barges, longboats, boats and other watercraft are used to rescue and remove a large number of people from the flooded territory. Landing people on them is carried out directly from the shore. In this case, choose and designate places that are convenient for vessels to approach the shore, or equip berths.

When rescuing people who are in a break in the ice, the end of a rope, plank, ladder, or any other object is served and pulled out to a safe place. Approach people who are in the sagebrush, you should crawl with outstretched arms and legs, leaning on boards or other objects.

To remove people from semi-submerged buildings, structures, trees and local objects or rescue them from the water, all watercraft used for rescue operations must be equipped with the necessary equipment and devices.

Medical assistance is provided by rescue units or ambulance squads directly in the flood zone (first aid) and after delivery to the pier (first aid).

The situation in the flood area can be dramatically complicated as a result of the destruction of hydraulic structures. Works in this case are carried out in order to increase the stability of the protective properties of existing dams, dams and embankments; to prevent or eliminate water washing away of earthworks and increase their height. Flood control during the ice drift period is carried out by eliminating congestion and blockages formed on rivers.

Carrying out rescue and emergency emergency recovery operations during flood control causes a certain danger to the lives of the personnel of the formations. Therefore, the personnel of the formations must be trained in the rules of behavior on the water, methods of rescuing people and using rescue equipment. When carrying out work, it is forbidden to use faulty equipment, overload watercraft, conduct explosive operations near power lines, underwater communications, industrial and other facilities without prior approval from the relevant organizations.

Flood prevention measures:

1.in the economic development of flood-prone areas, both in river valleys and on sea coasts, detailed economic and environmental studies should be carried out. Their goal is to identify ways to get the maximum possible economic effect from the development of these territories and at the same time minimize possible damage from floods.

2. when developing flood control measures in river valleys, the entire catchment area should be considered, and not its individual sections, since local flood control measures that do not take into account the entire flood situation in the river valley may not only not have an economic effect, but also significantly worsen the situation as a whole and lead to even greater damage from flooding.

3. it Is necessary to skillfully combine engineering protection methods with non-engineering ones. These include, first of all, the restriction or complete prohibition of such types of economic activity, which may result in increased flooding (logging, etc.), as well as the expansion of measures aimed at creating conditions leading to a decrease in runoff. In addition, in flood-prone areas, only those types of economic activities should be carried out that will suffer the least damage during flooding.

4. Engineering structures for the protection of land and economic objects should be reliable, and their implementation should be associated with minimal violations of the natural environment.

5. clear zoning and mapping of floodplains Should be carried out with drawing flood boundaries of various security levels. Taking into account the type of economic use of the territory, it is recommended to allocate zones with 20% flood security (for agricultural land), 5% security (for buildings in rural areas), 1% security for urban areas and 0.3% security for Railways. It goes without saying that in different natural zones and ecological areas, the number of zones and the principles of their allocation may change to some extent.

6. the country should have a well-functioning system for predicting floods and notifying the population about the time of the flood, about the maximum possible levels of its level and duration. Flood and flood forecasting should be based on the development of a broad hydrometeorological monitoring service that is well equipped with modern instruments.

7. it is Important to inform the public in advance about the possibility of flooding, explain its likely consequences and what measures should be taken in the event of flooding of buildings and structures. For this purpose, television, radio and other media should be widely used. Flood awareness should be widely promoted in flood-prone areas. All government agencies, as well as every resident, should clearly understand what they should do before, during and after a flood.

8. it is Very important to develop and further improve methods for calculating both direct and indirect flood damage.

9. Regulation of the use of flood-prone areas should be the prerogative of republics, territories, regions, districts and cities. The state can direct and encourage their activities only by passing certain laws on land use regulation.

10. the system of flood protection measures should include both state and public organizations, as well as private individuals. The successful operation of such a system should be coordinated and directed by the Central authority at the Federal level.

11. the best tool for regulating land use in flood-prone areas may be a flexible flood insurance program that combines both mandatory and voluntary insurance. The basic principle of this program should be as follows: if the type of use of the territory that is rational from the point of view of flood protection is adopted, the policyholder is paid a significantly larger insurance amount than if they ignore the relevant recommendations and norms.

12. a Set of measures in flood-prone areas, including forecasting, planning and implementation of works, should be carried out before the flood, during its passage and after the end of the natural disaster.

Detailed development of the above-mentioned provisions of the concept is an urgent task for a number of research and design institutes, a number of ministries and, first of all, the Ministry of emergency situations.

Conclusion

The analysis of floods over the past century, conducted by us in many countries, has shown that worldwide, including Russia, there is a tendency to significantly increase flood damage caused by irrational farming in river valleys and increased economic development of flood-prone areas.

It is necessary to study the factors leading to an increase in floods, especially catastrophic ones, in the XXI century: climate change (increased precipitation, melting ice and rising ocean levels, etc.), further growth of economic development of river valleys due to an increase in population. Special problems should be studied in the valleys of those rivers whose channels are protected by dams, and the bottom of which sometimes rises many meters above floodplains and floodplain terraces (yellow river, Yangtze, etc.).

Further refinement of the flood protection concept is needed, taking into account the wide range of environmental, social, technical, cultural, educational and health measures to be implemented in flood-prone areas in the periods before, during and after floods.

Priority tasks in the field of flood research should also include: developing a methodology for accounting for damage caused by changes in the natural environment: valley morphology, soil cover,vegetation, wildlife, water quality, as well as methods for accounting for damage caused to human health during and after floods.

List of references:

1. http://intra.rfbr.ru/pub/vestnik/V4 01/3 1.htm

2. Pavodki / / osnovy bezopasnosti zhizni [Fundamentals of life safety]. - 1999. - N: 3. - P. 60.

Avakian, Artur Borisovich. Floods / Artur Borisovich Avakyan, Alexey Alexandrovich.Polyushkin, Moscow: Znanie publ., 1989, 46 p. (In Russian)

Osipov V. I. Natural disasters at the turn of the XX1 century / V. I. Osipov / / Vestn. RAS. - 2001. - N: 4-Pp. 291-302

Avakyan A. Natural and anthropogenic causes of floods. / Avakyan A. / / Osnovy Bezopasnosti Zhiznedeyatel'nosti [Fundamentals Of Life Safety]. 2001, No. 9, Pp. 22-27.