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System of exercises
In the theory of TFLM the system of tasks and exercises are tried as organizing linked actions placed in the order of growing language and operational difficulties and with consideration of sequencing speech skills in different speech activities.
The problem of creating system of tasks and exercises is considered as the most important in TFLM.
Firstly let’s try to understand contradictions as for using terms for different types of tasks. Many foreign and native sources present different classification of the system of exercises. For instance, S. F. Shatilov states that while teaching speech activities it has a sense to differentiate three types of exercises:
1) Language (non communicative) exercises, which don’t have any communicative features or exercises which have some communicative orientation;
2) Pre-speech exercises (academic communication), imitating speech communication in academic situation;
3) Speech exercises (authentic communication) allowing real life communication through different speech skills.
N.I. Gez believes that teaching communicative writing is based on 2 types of exercises 1) training exercises; 2) speech exercises.
N.D. Galskova suggests the following systems of tasks:
1) Reproductive (writing the text basing on samples);
2) Reproductive-productive (creating own version of the letter by using different prompts: verbal (key words, logical scheme of the statements, Plan, etc.) and verbal visual (picture, series of pictures, photo and key words, phrases, expressions, etc.);
3) Productive (without any help based on verbal or non verbal stimulus).
Question: What exercises may be used for teaching English?
Teaching means
Different material means used for helping teacher in organization and conducting teaching and upbringing process are called teaching means.
Teaching means include programs, course books, manuals, and different school equipment served for didactic functions. Teaching means are divided into technical and non technical.
Technical means involves:
1. audio/video tape recorder
2. TV set
3. PC, mobile phone, notebook, etc.
4. Lingual room
5. CD, DVD.
Non technical means are:
1. Programs
2. Course books
3. Plans
4. Manuals
5. Visual aids (pictures, tables, posters, etc.)
6. Handouts (cards, pictures, etc.)
Question: How many technical and non technical means may be used on one lesson?
The main form of activity organization at the lesson is an exercise as repetition of the same typical operations and actions many times. Using exercises at the lesson demands understanding the types and kinds of exercises and their purpose, what place an exercise occurs in the system of exercises and what results can be achieved doing a certain exercise.
Exercises must be created as a system. By the system of exercises we understand organization of teaching actions in algorithm (logical consecutive) in accordance with increasing of language and operational difficulties. It was mentioned, that the system of exercises includes itself tasks and activities. Van-de Branden defines a task as “… activity in which a person engages in order to attain an objective and which necessitates the use of language”32. That is, by understanding language input and by producing language output; better still, by interacting with other people in real-life situations through the use of EL, the goal that the learner had in mind could be better achieved.
The appointed requirements to the system of exercises are:
1) Actions must correspond to the given goal and nature of phenomenon.
2) Consecution of exercises must correspond to stages of skills formation (from imitative exercises to production in accordance with one stimulus).
In methodology different classifications of exercises have been worked out. In our opinion, the more effective system of exercises was suggested by V.A. Buhbinder33. They are 1) informative exercises; 2) operational exercises and 3) motivational exercises. They provide acquiring language, speech acts or operations and speech activity in FL. The core and kinds of this system of exercises you find in the Table 8.
Table 8. The system of exercises by V.A. Buhbinder
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