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see also
density; urban consolidation
density, residential 46, 47, 55, 288, 289
design
alternative 48
built environment xii, 4, 5, 53
contextual 311
conventional 312
decision-making xxi
deconstruction 30–31
defensive 135
development 10–11
eco-innovations 248
eco-logical 73, 91, 108, 109, 278
eco-services
see
design for eco-services
good xix, 86–88, 102, 127, 206, 249
impact reduction 312
indicators 156–157
marginalized 19
methods
see
design methods
planning tools 235–236
poor 81
Positive Development 237, 312
reductionist thinking xx–xxi
responsible living 74
reversible development 242–243
SmartMode 253, 257–258, 266–268
successful failures 301
sustainability 141, 168, 247
systems re-design 247, 249
thinking 205
urban systems 44
waste 64
design for eco-services 3–22
Brazil 12–13
built environment 4, 5, 6, 10
consumption 9–10
design approach 5
eco-solutions 19–20
environmental management 20–22
hi-tech innovation 18–19
human and environmental health 6–7
nature 7, 17
poor nations 11–12
population 11
SmartMode 267–268
sustainability 8
sustainability standard 15–16
sustainable design 13–14
397
Index
designed waste 67, 73–74
designers 36–37, 99
design failure 248–249
design methods 97–114
approaches 109–114
conventional 108
current practice 100
durability 104–105
eco-logical 108, 109
green designers 99
living buildings 113–114
organic materials 104–105, 106
passive solar 100–103
prefabricated buildings 107–108
promoting 98–99
recycling 105
space 103–104
standardized construction 108
see also
green buildings
developers 119, 121, 128
development
approval systems 79
conventional 5, 9–10, 19, 129, 220
costs 27
eco-services 7
investment decisions 80–81
metabolism concept 68
nature 70–71
net positive 242
re-design 11–12
reversible 242–243
SmartMode 251
standards
see
development
standards
sustainable xv–xvi
waste 67
development standards 63–81
approval systems 79
assessment tools 78
designed waste 67, 73–74
ecological waste 74–77
externalities 79–80
input-output thinking 69–70
metabolism concept 67–69
net positive systems 71–72
waste 64–67
digital modelling 307–308
direct action
benefits 196
built environment xxii
design solutions 23
governments 23, 249
Positive Development 252
systems change 20
discounting 329
diversity, planning 205–206
domestic buildings 34–35
Dongtan, China 25
double-skin buildings 32, 281
down-cycling 240–241, 270
driving
see
road transport
Dubai 37
due process 223, 254–255
dumb design 5, 6
durable buildings 104–105
Dynasty Deconstruction 283
E
Earth
see
nature
Earth Charter 224
earthworms xxii
eco-cycling 242, 271
eco-design reporting 92–95, 268
eco-efficiency 7, 9, 23, 73
eco-governance 219–233
constitutional approach 219–220, 224–225
corporatist decision-making 227
environmental management 22
environmental problems 220–221
ethical principles 220–221, 228–232
ethics-based decision sphere 228–232
existing constitutional structures 222–223,
228
human oppression 221
planning 221, 232
resource expropriation 225–226
eco-innovations 18
design xx, 248, 270–271
fostering 168
market economy 237, 238
398
Positive Development
ecological base, wealth 143
eco-logical design 73, 91, 108, 109, 278
ecological footprint (EF) analysis 131,
132–135, 263
ecologically sustainable development (ESD)
reporting 148
ecological modernization 224, 232
ecological preservation
see
environmental
preservation
ecological space (ES) 56, 59–60, 196, 197, 266
ecological sustainability xxi
ecological transformation (ET) analysis 114,
213, 259–260, 316
ecological waste (EW) 74–77, 271
economic frameworks 145
economic growth 319
economic indicators 157–158
economics xxi
economic sustainability xxi
economy xxi, 77, 247
eco-retrofitting 23–41
case-by-case frameworks 125–126
cost 24, 27, 35, 36
definition xix, 23
examples 9, 28, 30, 31
governments 26–27, 37–39
historic buildings 33
investment potential 33–35
Positive Development 41
programmes 40
public health 28–29
suburbs 55–56, 285
sustainability assessments (SAs) 125
systems sustainability 39–40
techniques 30–33
uptake, lack of 284
urban form 24–26, 247
use 16
waste 78
eco-roofs 292–293
eco-sanitation systems 34
eco-services 6–7
communities 186–187
conditions for 17
design
see
design for eco-services
economic value 183–184, 329–331
valuation 80
eco-service trading schemes 181–199
carbon 181, 190, 191, 192, 338
communities 186–187
credits 192–196, 327–328
ecological space 196–197
environmental preservation 186–187,
189–190
environmental regulation 182, 191–192
habitat protection 188–189
industry 186, 192
measurement 183–184
offsets 194, 327–328
origins 182–183
positive impacts 192, 194
preference for 192
private industry 186
species protection 188
sustainability 190
typology 195
eco-solutions 19–20, 239, 240–242
Ecospecifier 314
ecosystems 184, 198, 334
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