Chapter 12
1 In a planning conference in the 1990s, my proposed talk on ‘sustainability’ was not seen as relevant
to the conference and I was asked to speak on another subject. Likewise, at an environmental
conference in the 1990s my proposed talk on ‘planning’ was not seen as relevant to the conference
and I was asked to speak on another subject.
2 Popper, K. (1959, original 1934)
The Logic of Scientific Discovery
, Routledge, Abingdon, UK.
3 Birkeland, J. (1993)
Planning for a Sustainable Society: Institutional Reform and Social
Transformation
, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania.
4 Davidoff, P. (1965) ‘Advocacy and pluralism in planning’,
American Institute of Planning Journal
,
vol 31
,
pp331–338.
5 Rittel, H. and M. Webber (1973) ‘Dilemmas in a general theory of planning’,
Policy Sciences
, vol
4, pp155–169.
6 Daly, H. E. and J. B. Cobb Jr (1989)
For the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy toward
Community, the Environment and a Sustainable Future
, Beacon Press, Boston, MA.
7 Harding, R. and E. Fisher (1999)
Perspectives on the Precautionary Principle
, Federation Press,
Sydney, Australia; Deville, A. and R. Harding (1997)
Applying the Precautionary Principle
,
Federation Press, Sydney, Australia.
8 Birkeland, J. (2002) ‘Green philosophy’, in
Design for Sustainability: A Sourcebook of Integrated
Eco-logical Solutions
, Earthscan, London, pp20–24.
9 Birkeland, J. (1995) ‘The relevance of ecofeminism to the environmental professions’,
The
Environmental Professional
, vol 17, pp55–71.
10 Davidoff, P. (1965) ‘Advocacy and pluralism in planning’,
American Institute of Planning Journal
,
vol 31, pp331–338.
11 Rittel, H. and M. Webber (1973) ‘Dilemmas in a general theory of planning’,
Policy Sciences
, vol
4, pp155–169.
12 See Checkland, P. and J. Scholes (1990)
Soft Systems Methodology in Action
, John Wiley, Hoboken,
NJ.
13 Norton attributes adaptive management to Aldo Leopold: Norton, B. G. (2005)
Sustainability:
A Philosophy of Adaptive Ecosystem Management
, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
14 Moynihan, D. (1969)
Maximum Feasible Misunderstanding
, The Free Press, New York.
15 Birkeland, J. (1988) ‘Redefining the environmental problem’,
Environmental and Planning Law
Journal
, vol 5, no 2, pp109–133.
16 For a discussion on NGOs and partnerships, see Sanyal, P. (2006) ‘Capacity-building through
partnership: Intermediary non-governmental organizations as local and global actors’, in
Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly
, vol 35, no 1, pp66–82.
17 There was a board game in the 1960s called Blacks and Whites. The game was set up so that no
matter who did what, the blacks would lose.
18 Birkeland, J. (1995) ‘Ecophilosophy and the built environment’, in
Pacific Vision: Ecopolitics VIII
Conference Proceedings
, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand.
19 An overview of systems thinking can be found in Bosch, O., C. King, J. Herbohn, I. Russell and
C. Smith (2007) ‘Getting the big picture in natural resource management – Systems thinking as
“method” for scientists, policymakers and other stakeholders’,
Systems Research and Behavioral
Science
, vol 24, pp217–232.
20 Lake, L. M. (ed) (1980)
Environmental Mediation: The Search for Consensus
, Westview Press,
Boulder, CO. See also, for example, www.ecodirections.com/pdf/Mediation_Booklet_Sept2003.
pdf.
378
Positive Development
21 See Townsend, M. (2006) ‘Feel blue? Touch green! Participation in forest/woodland management
as a treatment for depression’,
Urban Forestry and Urban Greening
, vol 5, no 3, pp111–120.
22 Birkeland, J. (1994) ‘Ecofeminist playgardens’,
International Play Journal
, vol 2, pp49–59.
23 Alinsky, S. (1972)
Rules for Radicals
, Vantage Books, New York; Dean, A. O. (1976) ‘Community
design centres: Practising “social architecture”’,
American Institute of Architects Journal
,
January.
24 For example, when the author was working at the Community Design Centre, it partnered with
the city and EDAW, a landscape architecture firm.
25 Toker, Z. (2007) ‘Participatory design’,
Design Studies
, vol 28, no 3, pp309–323.
26 Satisficing was coined by Herb Simon to describe what many decision-makers actually do, which
is decide on something that is ‘good enough’.
27 Corporatist processes are the merger of government and corporate power.
28 Birkeland, J. (1993)
Planning for a Sustainable Society: Institutional Reform and Social
Transformation
, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania.
29 Aberley, D. (ed) (1994)
Futures by Design: The Practice of Ecological Planning
, New Society
Publishers, Philadelphia, PA; Brunckhorst, D. J. (2000)
Bioregional Planning: Resource Management
Beyond the New Millennium
, Harwood Academic Publishers, Amsterdam.
30 Birkeland, J. and C. Walker (2002) ‘Bioregional planning’, in J. Birkeland (ed)
Design for
Sustainability: A Sourcebook of Integrated Eco-logical Solutions
, Earthscan, London, pp236–240.
31 McGinnis, M. (ed) (1999)
Bioregionalism
, Routledge, London.
32 Traina, F. and S. Darley-Hill (1995)
Perspectives in Bioregional Education
, North American
Association for Environmental Education, Troy, OH; Andruss, V. et al (1990)
Home! A Bioregional
Reader
, New Society Publishers, Cabriola Island, BC, Canada.
33 Sarkissian, W., A. Cook and K. Walsh (2002) ‘Pros and cons of design charrettes’, in J. Birkeland
(ed)
Design for Sustainability: A Sourcebook of Integrated Eco-logical Solutions
, Earthscan, London,
p113.
34 Department of the Environment, Sports and Territories (1995) ‘Approaches to bioregional
planning conference’, Biodiversity Series, Paper No 10, Biodiversity Group, Department of the
Environment, Sports and Territories (now Environment Australia), Melbourne.
35 A term from Amory Lovins.
36 See Birkeland, J. (2002) ‘Education for sustainability principles’, in
Design for Sustainability: A
Sourcebook of Integrated Eco-logical Solutions
, Earthscan, London, p12.
37 Birkeland, J. with K. Uddin (1999) ‘Applications of GIS in bioregional planning’, paper presented
at GIS 99 Conference, Vancouver, Canada, 4 March.
38 Ibid.
39 Birkeland, J. (2002) ‘Bioregional boundaries’, in
Design for Sustainability: A Sourcebook of Integrated
Eco-logical Solutions
, Earthscan, London, p241.
40 Dodge, J. (1981) ‘Living by life: Some bioregional theory and practice’,
CoEvolution Quarterly
,
vol 32, pp6–12.
41 Birkeland, J. (2002) ‘Bioregional boundaries’, in
Design for Sustainability: A Sourcebook of Integrated
Eco-logical Solutions
, Earthscan, London, p241.
42 Sale, K. (1985)
Dwellers in the Land
, Sierra Club Books, San Francisco, CA.
43 See Land and Water Australia, http://audit.ea.gov.au/ANRA/docs/final_report/final_report_land_
and_water.cfm.
44 Noon, K. (2007) ‘Wetlands mitigation banking’, paper presented at ‘Environmental trading: The
essentials’, Seminar at the Institute for Sustainable Resources, QUT, Brisbane, 22 November.
45 See ‘The business of saving water’ at www.napswq.gov.au/publications/books/pratt-water/pubs/
379
Notes
pratt-water-main.pdf.
46 Barlow, M. and T. Clarke (2003)
Blue Gold: The Battle Against Corporate Theft of the World’s Water
,
Earthscan, London.
47 Ibid.
48 See www.naturalsequencefarming.com/.
49 McHarg, I. (1969)
Design With Nature
, Natural History Press, Garden City, NY.
50 A paint company in Tasmania found it was cheaper to move interstate and rebuild, rather than
clean up the pollution.
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