Theoretical Grammar The subject-matter of theoretical grammar. Its relation to practical grammar

Marked coordinative connection – copulative, causal, resultative, adversative, disjunctive, e.g. We cannot go upstairs for we are too tired.

Unmarked coordinative connection - is realized by the coordinative connector “and” and also asyndetically (copulative, enumerative, causal, resultative relations), e.g. Time passed, and she came to no conclusions. We cannot go upstairs, we are too tired.

Opened constructions are copulative and enumerative. They are used in narrations in literary texts as a descriptive means.
Closed type of compound sentences presupposes some kind of finalization. Conjunctions AND and BUT.
The problem of communication types:
There are compound sentences consisting of clauses belonging to different communication types. In this case it is impossible to state to what type the compound sentence as a whole belongs.
e.g. These came nearer than most to meaning something to her, but what? (declarative + interrogative)
Can we call a compound sentence a sentence at all? according to communication type – NO
There is theory on the unity of communication type, which recognizes compound sentences as a special sentence type.
Compound sentences consist of clauses joined together by coordinating conjunctions: and, but, or, for, yet.
Grammatical structure of compound sentences:
The semantic relations between the clauses making up the compound sentence depend partly on the lexical meaning of the conjunction uniting them, and partly on the meanings of the words making up the clauses themselves:
Copulative conjunctions - and, neither…nor
Disjunctive conjunctions - or, otherwise, either…or
Adversative conjunctions - but, yet, still, nevertheless, however
As to the use of tenses in clauses making up a compound sentence, we should note that there is no general rule of their interdependence. However, in a number of cases we do find interdependence of co-ordinate clauses from this point of view.
The number of clauses in a compound sentence may be greater than 2, and in this case the conjunctions uniting the clauses may be different.


8.Складнопідрядне речення як поліпредикативна конструкція (Complex sentence as a polypredicative construction).
The complex sentence is a polypredicative construction built on the principle of subordination (hypotaxis). In paradigmatic presentation, the derivational history of the complex sentence is as follows: two or more base sentences are clausalized and joined into one construction; one of them performs the role of a matrix in relation to the others, the insert sentences. The matrix base sentence becomes the principal clause of the complex sentence and the insert sentences become its subordinate clauses, e.g.: The team arrived. + It caused a sensation. à When the team arrived, it caused a sensation.
The minimal complex sentence includes two clauses: the principal one and the subordinate one. This is the main type of complex sentences, first, in terms of frequency, and, second, in terms of its paradigmatic status, because a complex sentence of any volume can be analyzed into a combination of two-clause complex sentence units.