Theoretical Grammar The subject-matter of theoretical grammar. Its relation to practical grammar

2. Word-formation. Productive ways: affixation, conversion, compounding, shortening. (Словотвір. Продуктивні способи словотвору: афіксація, конверсія, словоскладання, скорочення).


Word-formation. Is branch of science of l-ge, which studies patterns on which l-ge forms new lexical items (new unities, new words). It’s process of forming words by combining root & affixal morphemes. 2 major groups of word formation:
1) Words formed as grammatical syntagmas, combinations of full linguistic signs (types: compounding is joining together 2 or more stems “headache, heartbreak”, affixation, conversion “work – to work”, and back-formation (edit2) Words, which are not grammatical syntagmas, which are not made up of full linguistic signs (blending, clipping)
Common for both groups is that a new word is based on synchronic relationship between morphemes.


Affixation. Affix is morpheme that is attached to base morpheme as root or stem, to form word. Affixes may be derivational, like -ness and pre-, or inflectional\functional, like English plural -s and past tense -ed. Affixes are divided into several types, depending on their position with reference to the root:
-Prefixes (attached before another morpheme) undo prefix + root. A prefix is a type of affix that precedes the morphemes to which it can attach. Prefixes are bound morphemes (they cannot occur as independent words). Etymological cl-on: native (a-, be-, over-, under-) & borrowed (il-, im-, de-, poly-, anti-); m-ng: negative m-ng (un-,im-, dis-), quantitative m-ng (mono-, poly-super-), completion of the action (over-, under-); change the part of speech little-belittle, large-enlarge;
-Suffixes (attached after another morpheme) looking root + suffix. A suffix is a letter or group of letters added at the end of a word to make a new word. Part forming cl-on: noun-f-ng (-age, -ship, -ism, -ist), adj-f-ng (-ful, -less, -y, -ish), verb-f-ng (-ize,
-ate, -fy, -en), adv-f-ng (-ly, -ward), num-f-ng (-th, -teen, -ty), etymological cl-on native (-dom, -ed, -en,-ish,-y) & borrowed (L
-able\ible, -ant\ent; G –ism, -ist, -ic, Fr –age, -ance\ence).
-Infixes (affixes placed within the w, traces of nasal infix in the pres tense of some IE verbs (stand))