1. Noun as the central nominative lexemic unit of
language, its categorial meaning and formal characteristics.
The noun as a part of speech has the categorial meaning of
―substance‖ or ―thingness‖. It follows from this that the noun is
the main nominative part of speech, effecting nominatio n of the
fullest value within the framework of the notional division of the
lexicon.
Nouns directly name various phenomena of reality and
have the strongest nominative force among notional parts of
speech: practically every phenomenon can be presented by a noun
as an independent referent, or, can be substantivized. Nouns
denote things and objects proper (tree), abstract notions (love),
various qualities (bitterness), and even actions (movement). All
these words function in speech in the same way as nouns de noting
things proper.
The noun has the power, by way of nomination, to isolate
different properties of substances (i.e. direct and oblique qualities,
and also actions and states as processual characteristics of
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substantive phenomena) and present them as corresponding self-
dependent substances. E.g.:
Her words were unexpectedly bitter. – We were struck by
the unexpected bitterness of her words. At that time he was down
in his career, but we knew well that very soon he would be up
again. – His career had its ups and downs. [2, p. 49]
Formally, the noun is characterized by a specific set of
word-building affixes and word-building
models, which
unmistakably mark a noun, among them: suffixes of the doer
(worker, naturalist), suffixes of abstract notions (laziness,
rotation, security, elegance), special conversion patterns (to find –
a find), etc. As for word-changing categories, the noun is changed
according to the categories of number (boy-boys), case (boy-
boy‟s), and article determination (boy, a boy, the boy). Formally
the noun is also characterized by specific combinability with
verbs, adjectives and other nouns, introduced either by preposition
or by sheer contact. The noun is the only part of speech which can
be prepositionally combined with other words, e.g.: the book of
the teacher, to go out of the room, away from home, typical of the
noun, etc.
The most characteristic functions of the noun in a sentence
are the function of a subject and an object, since they commonly
denote persons and things as components of the situation, e.g.:
The teacher took the book. Besides, the noun can function as a
predicative (part of a compound predicate), e.g.: He is a teacher;
and as an adverbial modifier, e.g.: It happened last summer. The
noun in English can also function as an attribute in the following
cases: when it is used in the genitive case (the teacher‟s book),
when it is used with a preposition (the book of the teacher), or in
contact groups of two nouns the first of which qualifies the second
(cannon ball, space exploration, sea breeze, the Bush
administration, etc.).
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