PAR T I. LECTURE MATERIAL
Module 1
Topic 1. The Scope of Theoretical Grammar.
Basic Linguistic Notions.
Questions for Discussion:
1. Language as a semiotic system: its functions, elements
and structure.
2. Lingual elements (units) as signs, their levels, structural
and functional features.
3. Language and Speech.
4. Paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations between
language units.
5. Interrelation of Theoretical Grammar with other branches
of linguistics.
1. Language as a semiotic system: its functions,
elements and structure.
Language is a multifaceted, complex phenomenon which
can be studied and described from various points of view: as a
psychological or cognitive phenomenon, as a social phenomenon,
from the point of view of its historic changes, etc. But first and
foremost language is treated as a semiotic system (system of
signs).
A system is a structured set of elements united by a
common
function.
Language
is a system of specific
interconnected and interdependent lingual signs united by their
common function of forming, storing and exchanging ideas in the
process of human intercourse.
As a system, language is subdivided into three basic
subsystems, each of which is a system in its own turn. They are
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the phonological, lexical and grammatical systems. The
phonological system includes the mate rial units of which language
is made up: sounds, phonemes, different intonation models, and
accent models. The phonological system of language is studied by
a separate branch of linguistics called phonology. The lexical
system includes all the nominative (naming) means of language –
words and stable word-combinations. The lexical system is
studied by lexicology. The grammatical system includes the rules
and regularities of using lingual units in the construction of
utterances in the process of human communication. The
grammatical system is described by grammar as a branch of
linguistics.
Each sub-system distinguishes not only its own set of
elements, but its own structural organization. For example, within
the grammatical system we single out parts of speech and
sentence patterns. The parts of speech are further subdivided into
nouns, verbs, adjective, adverbs, functional parts of speech; this
subdivision of grammar is known as morphology. Sentences are
further subdivided into simple and composite: composite
sentences are subdivided into complex and compound, etc.; this
subdivision of grammar is known as syntax.
The foundations of systemic language description were
formulated at the turn of the 20th century in the works of many
linguists, among them the Russian linguists I. A. Baudoin de
Courtenay, A. A. Potebnya and others. The originator of the
systemic approach in linguistics is considered to be a Swiss
scholar Ferdinand de Saussure. He was the first to divide the
phenomenon of language in general (in Frenc h: ‗language‘) into
two sides: an ‗executive‘ side (‗parole‘), concerned with the
production, transmission, and reception of speech, and an
underlying language system (‗langue‘). This is one of the basic
postulates of modern systemic linguistics: language in general
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comprises two aspects: the system of special lingual units and
the use of these units. In other words, language in the narrow
sense of the term is a system of means of expression, while
speech is the manifestation of the system of language in the
process of intercourse. The system of language comprises the
body of lingual units and the rules of their use, while speech
includes the act of producing utterances and the result of it (the
utterances themselves, or the text).
Other terms are used in linguistics by different authors to
denote the two basic aspects of language (which, however, do not
always coincide with the ‗language – speech‘ dichotomy):
‗language
competence‘
and
‗language
performance‘
(N. Chomsky) [17], ‗linguistic schema‘ – ‗linguistic usage‘,
‗linguistic system‘ – ‗linguistic process‘ (‗text‘) (L. Hjelmslev),
‗code‘ – ‗message‘ (R. Jacobson), etc. Still, the terms ‗language‘
and ‗speech‘ are the most widely used.
Ferdinand de Saussure was also among the first scholars
who defined lingual units as specific signs – bilateral (two-sided)
units that have both form and meaning. Ferdinand de Saussure
spoke about an indissoluble link between a phonetic ‗signifier‘
(French: ‗signifiant‘), and a ‗signified‘ (‗signifie‘). In the system
of language, a lingual sign has only a potential meaning; in
speech, in the process of communication, this potential meaning is
―actualized‖, connected with a particular referent. That is why a
lingual sign is graphically presented in the form of a triangle,
including the material form, the meaning and the referent. For
example, the word ‗elephant‘ is a sign, consisting of a signifier, or
form – the sequence of phonemes (or, in written presentation, of
letters), and a signified, or meaning – the image of the animal in
our mind; the referent is the ‗real‘ animal in the outside world,
which may or may not be physically present.
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