Theme: Using role play in English classes to improve students’ speaking skills

2.Improving speaking Ability
Improving Speaking Ability
1. Definition of Improving Speaking
“Is words in oxford advanced learners ‘’’dictionary of the current English, means that a sound or group at the sound that express a meaning and form an independent unit of a language.
The terms speaking according to Brown (2001:267), is an interactive process of constructing meaning that involves producing and receiving and processing information. Its form and meaning are dependent on the contest in which it occurs. We generally use speaking as a means of communication daily interaction. The presence of speaker and listener is a must to build up a mutual communication in speaking we call communication. Communication is the way individual can show the feeling, tell the thoughts, ask questions, ask for help, argue, persuade, explain, and give order each other.
Speaking skills is the ability to express opinions or thoughts and feelings to a person or group verbally, whether face or by distance. Alternatively speech is a natural means of communication between members of the public to express their thoughts and as a form of social behavior.
Richard (in Nunan, 1992: 45) provides characteristics of communicative competence including: a) knowledge of grammar and vocabulary of the language, b) knowledge of rule of speaking e.g, knowing how to begin and end conversation, knowing what topics which address forms should be used with different person one speak to and in different situations, c) knowledge of how to use and respond to different types of speech acts such as request, apologies, tanks, and invitation, and d) knowlwdge of how to use language appropriately.
Spoken language is the most familiar form of language that is used by members of society in order to build relation. As a means of communication, spoken language fundamentally occours within a context. In some social contests, spoken language is used as the dominant form of communication (Burs and Joyce, 1997: 13).
Meanwhile, the Maulida Wilkin (2001) states that the purpose of English language teaching today is to speak. Furthermore Wilkin in Oktarina (2002) states that speaking skill is the ability to construct sentences because communication occurs over the sentences to show the difference in behavior which varies from different communities.³
Richard (in Nunan, 1992: 34) provides characteristics of communicative competence including: a) knowledge e.g, grammar and vocabulary of the language, b) knowledge of rule of speaking e,g, knowing how to begin end conversion, knowing what topics that can be talked about in different types of speech events, knowing which address forms should be used with different person one speak to and in different situations, c) knowledge of how to use and respond to different types of speech acts such as requests, apologies, talks, and invitation, and d) knowledge of how use language appropriately.
a) Talking is: Ability utter articulate sounds or words to express, express and convey thoughts, ideas and feelings.
b) Talking is: A tool for communicating ideas organized and developed according to the needs of the listener.
c) Talking is: The process of communicating with individual communities to declare din as members of society.
d) Talking is: creative expression that can manifest personality is not just a means of communicating ideas alone, but also the main tool for creating and formulating new ideas.
e) Speaking There! Ah: a learned behavior in family area, neighbors, and other environments in which they live around before entering school.
2. Understanding Speaking
The experts give different definitions of the meaning of talk. Tarin (1985) states that speaking is the ability utter sounds articulation or words to express, states, as⁴ well as convey thoughts, ideas, and feelings. More broadly, talk is a form of human behavior that utilizes factor- physical factors, psychological, neurological, semantics, and linguistic extensively and the results should be considered as the most important tool for human control social. Thus, it can be said that in speaking activities occur the form of thoughts or feelings change into a form of speech or sound meaningful language. Speaking not just say that without meaning, but convey thoughts on feelings to others through speech or with the spoken language. Restrictions similar to talking Tarin stated by Kartini (1985:7) which revealed that speaking is an event delivery intentions, ideas, thoughts, one's feelings to others using spoken language, so the intent is understood by the other. Enriching the above expression, Lieu (1982:25) argues that speaking is the act of producing language to communicate, as one of the basic skills in the language. While Akhmadi (1984: 9) gives sense to talk as a skill to produce the current articulation of the sound system to convey the will, needs, feelings and desires to others. Furthermore Badudu-Zain (1994: 180) interpreted to speak with words, speech, and chatted. Restriction talk presented Badudu, - Zain is more directed to the type of talk.
Moris and Novia (2002) states that speaking is a tool natural communication between members of the public to express their thoughts and as a form of social behavior. Meanwhile, according to Nuraeni (2002) speaking is the process of delivering information from the speaker to the listener
with the aim of a change in knowledge, attitudes and skills of the listener as a result of the information it receives.
Meanwhile, Tarin, 1993: 15) says that talks is ability to pronounce the sounds of articulation or words to express, express and convey thoughts, ideas and feelings. 
Based on the study that has been done to limit and understanding talk is presented by experts in this study the authors tend to Kartini and the opinion makes Badudu-Zain as the conceptual framework of thinking. Speaking is an event delivery intentions, ideas, thoughts, feelings one person to another in a clear, logical, purposeful and systematic using spoken language, so the intent is to understand other people. Meanwhile, the opinion-Zain Badudu related to the type of talk that used in this study, namely the words. In this case, talk is processes information (ideas, thoughts, feelings) of the speaker spoken so comrades can receive speech and understanding the contents. Talk is an oral language skills that are productive.
1) Speaking are: Ability utter articulation sounds or words to express, express and convey thoughts, ideas and feelings.
2) Talking is: A tool for communicating ideas organized and developed according to the needs of the listener.
3) Talking is: The process of communicating with individual communities to declare as members of society.
4) Speaking are: creative expression that can manifest personality is not just a means of communicating ideas alone, but also the main tool for creating and formulating new ideas.
5) Speaking there! Ah: a learned behavior in family, neighbors, and other environments in which they live around before entering school
Speaking skills is the ability to express opinions or thoughts and feelings to a person or group verbally, whether face or by distance. Alternatively speech is a natural means of communication between members of the public to express their thoughts and as a form of social behavior.
Meanwhile, the Maulida Wilkin (2001) states that the purpose of English language teaching today is to speak. Furthermore Wilkin in Oktarina (2002) states that speaking skill is the ability to construct sentences because communication occurs over the sentences to show the difference in behavior which varies from different communities.
3. Important factors in speech
To be a good conversationalist, someone other than the need to provide impression that he had mastered the problem being discussed, should also pay attention courage and enthusiasm. Besides the speaker must also speak clearly and right. In this regard,⁵ Arsjad (1988: 609) as well, and Mukti Arsjad (1988:18) argues for the effectiveness of the speech, the linguistic factor and non-linguistic.
Linguistic factors are the aspects related to the problem language, which should be met when a person becomes a speaker, while the factors are the aspects that determine the success of a person in speech that has nothing to do with the language problem.
Factor language consists of (1) the accuracy of pronunciation (pronunciation), (2) placement of pressure, tone, joints and duration (intonation), (3) choice of words (diction) and sentence usage. Meanwhile factor consisting of (1) the attitude of calm, reasonable and not rigid, (2) view (control field), (3) willingness to respect the opinion others, (4) gestures and expressions, (5) loudness, (6) smooth, (7) relevensi or reasoning, and (8) mastery of the topic. In the second factor in this study support the effectiveness of this talk as well as a supporting factor because it is also the guidelines in assess one's speaking skills.
Authors conducted two tests. Pre-test conducted before the learning process to determine the ability of the students are given the treatment and post-test performed after the process of speaking to know is there any improvement in students' creative writing skills.
b) Observation
“Observation is a activity of observation (data colletion) to capture how much effect the action has reached the target. Participatory observations made by people who are actively involvely in the process of implementation of action. This observation can be implemented with the observation activities in the classroom, drawing interaction in class, electronic recording device, or mapping class (mills, 2004: 143).
This technique is used for the preparation of learning to hear with the use of audio-visual media. The author conducted an overview of the school, to know the state of schools and classes which will be used. Moreover, the authors deal directly with classroom teachers to determine readiness for testing.
(a) non-systematic observation, made by observers with no use of instruments of observation.
(b) systematic observation, made by observers using the guidelines as an instrument of observation.
(c) Questionnaire
According to Oxford Advanced Dictionary, “ Questionnaire it list of questions to answered to get information.
Questionnaires are a number of written questions used to obtain information from respondents in terms of personal reports about, or things that he had known.