THEME:
CONCEPT OF THE HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY IN KATHERINE
MANSFIELD’S STORIES
ABSTRACT: Katherine Mansfield used free indirect discourse, literary
impressionism, and the innovative use of time and symbolism, culminating in her
position as one of the most important early exponents of the modernist short story.
Mansfield’s fiction—and literary modernism as a whole—is associated with a
rejection of conventional plot structure and dramatic action in favor of the
presentation of character through narrative voice. Many different influences
converged to create Mansfield’s own personal aesthetic philosophy, which continually
evolved and developed throughout her short lifetime. She presents a down-to-earth
kind of “truth,” with its foundations in her observations of the everyday world. The
modernist revelation of character through narrative voice—through suggestion and
symbolism—became her method, through which she would offer glimpses into the
lives of individuals and families captured at a certain moment, frozen in time like a
painting or snapshot. Under the general complication of the identity problem in the
English literature at the turn of the centuries the crosscutting theme of loneliness and
alienation of the human can be traced in Mansfield’s works. Our study reveals the
writer’s predilection for simple, natural characters with tremendous and rich inner
world. We believe that Mansfield’s contribution to the English literature is her
depiction of a specific English trait that E. Forster defines as “undeveloped heart”.
The analysis of the techniques and principles of personification in the Mansfield’s
stories have shown the succession of Chekhov’s traditions.
Key words:
Kathleen Mansfield,
the modernist, short story, English literature,
character,
influence,
internal speech,
prose technique
.
Intoduction:
Kathleen Mansfield Murry was a prominent
modernist
writer who was born and
brought up in
New Zealand.
She wrote
short stories
and poetry under the pen
name Katherine Mansfield. When she was 19, she left colonial New Zealand and
settled in England, where she became a friend of
D. H. Lawrence, Virginia
Woolf, Lady Ottoline Morrell
and others in the orbit of the
Bloomsbury Group.
Mansfield was diagnosed with
pulmonary tuberculosis
in 1917 and she died in France
aged 34.
K. Mansfield, an English writer, is often compared with the Russian writer A.P.
Chekhov in the mastery of forms, techniques for writing short stories. In their form,
they are simple, vibrant and inherently awakening. Catherine Mansfield has the ability
to speak through characters: she plunges into the inner world of each of them,
thinking and speaking in their voices. K. Mansfield uses inner speech in her prose.
The world of her characters is dialogical and filled with not only external, but also
internal communication. This allows her to represent a person in all the
multidimensionality of existence, combining "expressed" and "unspoken", "spoken"
and hidden "," superficial "and" deep ", and thus expand the volume of the world of
characters in the perception of the reader. The
inner speech of characters K.
Mansfield participates in the formation of monologues, dialogical communication of
characters and what are its functions in a dialogical fragment of the text.
Literature review:
The genre of the realistic short story in the early twenties is best
represented by Katherine Mansfield (1888-1923). She was born in Wellington, New
Zealand, and went to England to finish her education. Her first writings were
published in "The New Age" to which she became a regular contributor. Her first
book "In a German Pension" was published in 1911. It was a collection of short
stories that had appeared in "The New Age". In 1912 Katherine Mansfield began
collaboration with the well-known critic and editor, John Middleton Murry, who was
then running a literary review called "Rhythm". Murry, whom she married in 1918,
encouraged and cultivated her obvious talent, which expressed itself best in deeply
psychological stories. In 1918 she wrote «Prelude", a rather long story in which her
originality was first fully apparent, and which soon became famous. “Bliss and Other
Stories", her second book, was not published until 1921. It was a success, and her
third collection, "The Garden Party and Other Stories" appeared a year later. It was
the last of her writings to be published in her lifetime. Katherine Mansfield had
suffered from tuberculosis since 1917 and died in France in January, 1923, at the age
of thirty- four. Two more collections of stories were published after her death, also
her “Letters" and her “Journal.” The stories by Katherine Mansfield are not tales of
violent action, nor have they complicated plots. She reveals human conduct in quite
ordinary situations. The men, women and children, whom Katherine Mansfield
portrays in delicate colours, do not take part in sensational events, yet they are vivid
and true to life. Katherine Mansfield's style was often compared to the style of
Chekhov. Like Chekhov she has an eye for the subtleties of human conduct and the
dramatic effect of her stories is based on significant little details, which play an
important role in the lives of her personages. Katherine Mansfield declares that life
must be taken as it is. Yet in spite of the objectivity she proclaims, the reader can
easily feel her sympathies and antipathies. She is very sensitive to class distinctions,
and her sympathy is always on the side of the have-nots. Besides that, any kind of
egoism and pretence on the part of her bourgeois characters is treated with ironic
objectivity. "A Cup of Tea" is representative in this respect. The principal character,
Rosemary Fell, is stopped in the street by a girl who asks her for the price of a cup of
tea. And imagining how she would boast of her gesture "out of a novel by
Dostoyevsky", Rosemary brings the poor girl home to let her have a cup of tea there.
But after a remark made by her husband that the girl was pretty, Rosemary's
patronizing eagerness to help her disappears as suddenly as it came. The secret
unhappiness of Rosemary's own life, which produced such a jealous feeling at her
husband's remark, makes her fear that the young woman might become her rival. In
her stories Katherine Mansfield wishes to show the complexity of life. She regarded
Chekhov as her literary teacher. Some of her stories even repeat the plots of stories by
Chekhov She translated Chekhov's diaries and letters. She once called herself "the
English Chekhov" But the general tendency, widely spread in her time, of depicting
only the "private world" of people makes her social horizon narrow and makes her a
writer on a smaller scale than Chekhov.
Discussion:
Modernist authors distanced themselves from their Victorian and Edwardian
predecessors. Repudiating traditional third-person omniscient narration, they preferred
to represent characters through their shifting thoughts, memories and sensations.
Mansfield’s stories were regarded as the first in the English language to bear the
influence of Chekhov. She also credited visual art’s impact on her prose technique,
declaring that Vincent Van Gogh’s paintings ‘taught me something about writing
which was queer – a kind of freedom – or rather, a shaking free’. Furthermore
Mansfield compared her story ‘Miss Brill’ to a piece of music, explaining in a letter of
17 January 1921: ‘I chose not only the length of every sentence, but even the sound of
every sentence. I chose the rise and fall of every paragraph to fit her.’ One art form
could be used to inspire another, as Gerri Kimber has explained: Mansfield’s stories
‘grow from pieces of music, pictures, poems, and architectural details.
According to the linguistic definition, inner speech is “unpronounceable,
unvoiced, mute speech addressed to its subject (to oneself); a process opposite to the
formation of "external", or speech itself. "
this is "silent speech to oneself, one of the
stages of internal programming as the phase of generating a speech utterance". It
should be noted here that psychologists in their research pay attention primarily to the
main syntactic feature of inner speech - predicativeness, which leads to the fact that it
cannot be translated into language, since “inner speech, even if it became audible to
an outsider, would remain incomprehensible to anyone except the speaker himself,
since no one knows the psychological field in which it takes place ".
In literary
criticism, the term " internal monologue" is used, which means "a statement of the
hero addressed to himself, directly reflecting the internal psychological process, a
monologue" to himself ", in which the emotional and mental activity of a person is
imitated in its immediate course". Internal speech in fiction, “is based exclusively on
the author's personal experience and is determined by her creative imagination. This is
an imaginary inner speech, an image of a natural inner speech that a writer has
developed on the basis of his self-observation. "
In the works of K. Mansfield, internal speech (unspoken, not uttered by the
character aloud) is organized in most cases as external speech and is presented to the
reader in the form of an internal monologue, internal dialogue, or as part of an
external dialogue.
At the end of Taking the Veil, a young girl Edna imagines the final
scene about her death and the grief of her loved ones, parents and her beloved Jimmy,
and the tragedy of the situation is portrayed with the help of Edna's inner monologue,
the structure and lexical content of which convey the spontaneity of consciousness
character.
Now it is evening. Two old people leaning on each other come slowly to the grave and
kneel down sobbing, “Our daughter! Our only daughter!” Now there comes another. He
is all in black; he comes slowly. But when he is there and lifts his black hat, Edna sees to
her horror his hair is snow-white. Jimmy! Too late, too late! The wind shakes the leafless
trees in the churchyard. He gives one awful bitter cry. My darling! No, it’s not too late.
It’s all been a mistake, a terrible dream. Oh, that white hair! How could she have done it?
She has not done it. Oh, heavens! Oh, what happiness! She is free, young, and nobody
knows her secret. Everything is still possible for her and Jimmy [8, с. 60].
The inner monologue represents the different processes of the heroine's mental
life - conscious and subconscious. Here, in the mind of Edna, her real life and the
tragedy of the imaginary are mixed.
As in the work of D. Conrad, D. Joyce and other artists of the turn of the century, the
theme of loneliness and alienation of man, which becomes an artistic reflection of the
atmosphere of the “end of the century”, occupies a central place in Mansfield's stories.
Another artistic document for the development of the theme of disunity and
incommunicability of people can be the story "The Ideal Family".
This time we have before us a wealthy bourgeois surname, which is recognized by
everyone as a standard and a role model. The head of the family, Mr. Niiv, has
dedicated his life to achieving material well-being, and his efforts have borne fruit.
But in his declining years, discovering that he had nothing in common with his wife
and children, who had become strangers to him, Mr. Niiv came to the tragic
conclusion: "Life has passed by ..."
The state of the hero is conveyed both directly in
the author's text ("He was too tired", "some strange cold bound him," "he suddenly
became weak"), and indirectly: through the image of nature (Mr. Niiv "for the first
time in his life felt that he too old for spring "), as well as through an appeal to the
form of sleep (Mr. Niiv dreams of" an exhausted, decrepit old man climbing an
endless staircase ").
The same bleak truth was revealed to Monica Tyrel, the heroine of the story
"Revelation". Although outwardly she is quite safe and does not even experience
financial problems, a crisis is brewing in her mind: “How awful is life! How terrible!
And the most painful of all is loneliness.
Mansfield's innovation as an artist of words was the fact that many of her
stories deeply reveal the features of the English national character and, in particular,
the one that EM Forster defined as "an undeveloped heart."
Analysis:
One example of an internal speech that conveys the jumpy movement
of a character's thoughts is when Edna discusses what will happen to her friend Jimmy
after he learns about her new lover.
“How much better to know it now than to wait until after they were married! Now
it was possible that Jimmy would get over it. No, it was no use deceiving herself; he
would never get over it! His life was wrecked, was ruined; that was inevitable. But he
was young… Time, people always said, Time might make a little, just a little
difference. In forty years when he was an old man, he might be able to think of her
calmly – perhaps. But she, - what did future hold for her?”
Inner speech in monologues with which the characters turn to themselves, in
K. Mansfield's prose is mainly dialogized, which allows us to imagine the thoughts of
the characters as a most complex internal psychological process, reflecting the various
states of mind of the characters, their lack of self-confidence, dissatisfaction with
some circumstances of life , disagreement with oneself. The dialogicity of inner
speech is created by various means. The internal monologues of characters often
contain secondary dialogical structures, which are customary to include a question,
appeal, imperative mood and second person.
Several unanswered questions help the reader to understand the state of the
character's confusion, the ambiguity of the moment of life he is comprehending and
emphasize the dialogical nature of the thinking process. “Why can’t they understand?
How can they add to her suffering like this? The world is cruel, terrible cruel! "
Another example from the work "Her first Ball", where the main character, young
Leila, feels a certain excitement and this is natural, because this is her first time at the
ball.
«Strange faces smiled at Leila – sweetly, vaguely, strange voices answered, “of
course my dear”. But Leila felt the girls didn’t really see her. They were looking
towards the men. Why didn’t the men begin? What were they waiting for?»
K. Mansfield often uses exclamation as another means of creating an inner speech that
conveys a special emotional state of the heroine.
«
She clutched her fan, and, gazing at the gleaming, golden floor, the azaleas, corner,
she thought breathlessly, “How heavenly; how simply heavenly!” Oh dear, how hard
it was to be indifferent like the others! She tried not to smile too much; she tried not to
care. But every single thing was so new and exciting!
Oh, how marvelous to have a brother! In her excitement Leila felt that if there had
been time, if it hadn’t been impossible, she couldn’t have helped crying because she
was an only child, and no brother had ever said “Twig?” to her; no sister would ever
say, as Meg said to Jose that moment “I’ve never known your hair go up more
successfully than it has tonight!”»
With the help of a question-and-answer structure within a monologue, the dynamics
of the character's inner thoughts is created, since this structure represents the
character's desire to know himself better, represents his doubts and statements,
because the question, as you know, is always associated with ignorance, ambiguity,
and the answer is with an attempt to determine with your thoughts, doubts, problems.
Such monologues are characteristic of the works of C. Mansfield and are found in the
stories “Her first ball”, “Taking the Veil”, “Miss Brill”, “Traveling”, etc.
Dialogueization of an internal monologue can be created by including primary
dialogical structures in it, i.e. structures consisting of at least two components - a
stimulus-replica and a response-replica. In K. Mansfield's prose, these are mainly
question-and-answer dialogical structures in which the question and answer belong to
one character, indicated by a reflexive pronoun. Internal dialogue is a dialogue
between the character and his second "I", which, as it were, separates from the
character, turns into a separate subject and communicates with the character on equal
terms.
«But Edna! » cried Jimmy. «Can you never change? Can I never hope again? »
«Oh, what sorrow to have to say it, but it must be said. » «No Jimmy, I will never
change.».
The inner speech of the heroine - Edna from the work "Taking the Veil"
has, to some extent, a comical effect on the reader: a young, beautiful, healthy girl
with a rich imagination, which becomes obvious from the "fantasies" presented by the
author, invents suffering for herself, builds imaginary dialogues and scenes.
Edna tries to make sense of her own world through dialogue. Internal dialogue is
modeled after natural dialogue. A dialogical structure is created, similar to the natural
one, in which the replicas follow one another, but which, due to the characteristics of
the second subject, does not have a sound parameter.
The inner speech of another Miss Brill heroine from Miss Brill reflects her complete
loneliness, and the last episode, where she hears the cry of her fur collar, intensifies
the feeling of despair.
«The box that the fur came out of was on the bed. She
unclasped the necklet quickly; quickly without looking, laid it inside. But when she
put the lid on she thought she heard something crying».
The "sound" of the results of
the character's thinking process can be different, which is emphasized by the speaking
verb, reflecting the degree of sonority and clarity and introducing the last part of the
monologue (cried, whispered, murmured).
Conclusion:
Thus, the part of the monologue that has received a sound expression of any level
becomes important in semantic terms. The presentation form helps to highlight this
part of the monologue.
Inner speech in prose K. Mansfield participates in different ways in the formation
of a dialogical fragment of the text. She can represent the entire character plan,
forming an internal dialogue, can only be a part of the character plan, presenting one
of the lines and creating a failed dialogue. In these types of artistic dialogue, inner
speech plays the role of a structure-forming element. In the dialogue that has taken
place, inner speech does not form it, but complements and thus expands the
possibilities of the dialogical structure in the written text.
References:
1. Berkman, S. Katherine Mansfield: A Critical Study / Sylvia Berkman. – New
Haven: Yale University Press, 1951. – 246 p.
2. Charles E. May Short Story Month: Anton Chekhov and the Modern Short Story
[Electronic
recourse].
–
URL:
http://may-on-the-
shortstory.blogspot.ru/2014/05/short-story-month-cont-anton-chekhov.html. – 2.
10.2015.
3. Daly, S. Katherine Mansfield / Saralyn Daly. – N.Y.: Twain Publishers, 1965. –
143 p. 79 56. Eugine, A.D. Fruitful Bliss in Varying Perspectives [Electronic
recourse]
/
Ashley
Doreen
Eugine.
–
URL:
https://www.nshss.org/media/46389/Eugine.pdf. – 12.12.2015.
4. Hanson, C., Gurr, A. Katherine Mansfield / Clare Hanson, Andrew Gurr. –
London, Macmillan, 1982. – Р. 21-23.
5. Polonsky R. Chekhov and the Buried Life of Katherine Mansfield [Electronic
recourse] / Rachel Polonsky // A People Passing Rude: British Responses to
Russian
Culture;
ed.
by
Anthony
Cross
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–
URL:
http://www.openbookpublishers.com/htmlreader/PPR/chap14.html#fnch14_fn6. –
30.10.2015.
6. Tomalin, C. Katherine Mansfield. A secret life / Claire Tomalin. – London,
1988. – 220 p.
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