Theme: Basic consepts of chemical reactions

Types of chemical bonds.
Covalent bonding. Taking into account the relative electronegativity of chemical elements, we can divide chemical compounds into the following three groups: Substances formed from elements with the same electrical negativity, ie atoms of the same element
N2, F2, Cl2, Br2, J2, O2, N2 are simple substances
Li, Na, K, Al, Fe, Cu, Zn - metals.
Substances formed from atoms of elements with slightly different electronegativity: HCl, HBr, HJ, H2O, NH3, CH4, PCl3, PCl5…
Substances formed from atoms of an element with very different electronegativity: NaCl, K2S, BaCl2, CaF2, Li2O, MgO… Depending on the distribution of electrons between the atoms that make chemical compounds, we can divide the chemical bonds into the following three groups. 'lanish
Chemical bond Ionic bond


Metal connection
Covalent bonds are formed between atoms whose electromagnetism is the same or very slightly different from each other.
. .H + H H: H
Atoms combine to form H2 due to a pair of electrons formed between two hydrogen atoms. As a result, hydrogen atoms have a stable electron configuration, ie the outer energy layer of the hydrogen atom is complete. The bonding of atoms through common electron pairs is called covalent bonding. The chemical bond that results from the formation of pairs is called a non-polar covalent bond.
The common electron pairs formed between atoms whose polar covalent bonds are slightly different from each other are slightly shifted toward the atom with the greatest electrical negativity. The bond is called a polar covalent bond.
DONOR - ACCEPTANT CONNECTION.
Some atoms in a molecule have specially distributed electron pairs that do not participate in chemical bonding. Some atoms and ions, or atoms that make up molecules, have free orbitals. A chemical bond is formed between atoms with orbitals. This bond is formed by common electron pairs, such as covalent bonds. However, the total electron pair belongs to only one atom, which is the "donor" (donor) and the other atom is the "acceptor".

NH3 + H + NH


A bond formed between an unpaired electron pair that does not participate in the chemical bonding of one atom and the free orbit of the other atom is called a donor-acceptor or coordination bond.
IONIC BOUNDATION
Ions are charged particles. When atoms donate or attach electrons, they become charged particles, ie ions. The number of electrons lost and received by an atom represents the amount of ion charge. Oppositely charged ions are attracted to each other. Chemical bonds are called ionic bonds. Substances formed by the interaction of ions are called ionic compounds. Positively charged ions are called cations. Negatively charged ions are called anions. Ionic compounds include compounds formed by metals with halogens, oxygen, and sulfur. Metals readily convert electrons into positively charged ions by donating electrons in their outer energy layers. Positively charged electrons readily convert electrons into negatively charged ions. couple forms Depending on the position of the electrons involved in the chemical bond between the atoms, substances are divided into covalently polar, covalently polar, donor-acceptor, and ionically bound compounds.