In short, it is our contention that only the most ‘local’ and hence insufficient
information is made available regarding context and structure in simultaneous
interpreting, texture and context in consecutive interpreting and texture and
structure in the case of liaison interpreting. Schematically, this may be
represented as in
Figure 3.2
. At some stage in the interpreter’s processing, no
doubt, the shaded areas in each case become less inaccessible and expectations
are formed. However, these remain to be confirmed and may have to be
discarded if forthcoming textual evidence runs counter to initial expectations.
For example, let us imagine a simultaneous interpreter
working with
Sample 3.2
.
Textural clues would be the main guiding principle and intersentential
relationships something to be monitored closely. In negotiating the initial
segment:
Saddam’s most recent speech is an outrage.
the interpreter is bound to expect in what follows a substantiation of this claim.
Thus, a hypothesis is developed capturing this insight. Indeed, the next sentence
is:
He is not withdrawing.
But how does sentence 2 relate to sentence 1? Is the ‘outrage’ the fact that he is
not ‘withdrawing’, in which case a likely option to follow would be: ‘but we are
not going to stand idly by’? Or is it an ironic, even sarcastic,
statement ridiculing
Saddam’s use of the word ‘withdrawing’, in which case we might expect
Saddam’s actual words to be juxtaposed to what, in the view of the speaker, he
should have said instead? This may be represented
graphically as in
Figure 3.3
.
Note that, whereas in option 2 the focus is on the interpretation of a word
(texture), option 1 takes the entire structural element and fits it into a conceptual
scheme of some kind (context). In fact, it is the second option which is acted
upon in sentence 3:
Figure 3.2 Accessibility
of context,
structure and texture
36 THE
TRANSLATOR AS COMMUNICATOR
His defeated forces are retreating.
Relying on texture, the interpreter would perceive the juxtaposition of the item
withdrawing to its counterpart
retreating. This will set up the expectations of
parallelism:
claim victory vs.
in the midst of a rout and
voluntarily giving up
Kuwait vs.
trying to save the remnants of power. It is primarily
in perceiving this
textural contrast that the interpreter may be able to predict how the speech is to
develop.
Let us now re-express our initial set of hypotheses in the light of these
observations:
1 Input for simultaneous interpreting is characterized by context and structure
being less readily usable than texture.
2 Input for consecutive interpreting is characterized by context and texture
being less readily usable than structure.
3 Input for liaison interpreting is characterized by texture and structure being
less readily usable than context.
A corollary to this set of basic hypotheses is that, whatever the form of the
deficit or the compensation strategy, it is our contention that texture may be
treated as a privileged category. Texture is necessarily available at all times,
providing the interpreter with a point of departure. It is the mainstay of the
simultaneous interpreter’s activity; it is there to help the consecutive interpreter
retrieve the sought-after structure; and it is there to help the liaison interpreter
reconstruct the required context for the one or two utterances dealt with at any
given time. This is the basic position which we will now try to elaborate, using
examples of authentic interpreting data.
Figure 3.3 Two readings of ‘withdrawing’
INTERPRETING: A TEXT LINGUISTIC APPROACH 37