The studied language countries literature

Autobiographical approaches

With the autobiographical knots and parables of Reasons for Moving (1968) and Darker (1970), Mark Strand’s paradoxical language achieved a resonant simplicity. He enhanced his reputation with Dark Harbor (1993) and Blizzard of One (1998). Other strongly autobiographical poets working with subtle technique and intelligence in a variety of forms included Philip Levine, Charles Simic, Robert Pinsky, Gerald Stern, Louise Glück, and Sharon Olds. Levine’s background in working-class Detroit gave his work a unique cast, while Glück and Olds brought a terrific emotional intensity to their poems. Pinsky’s poems were collected in The Figured Wheel (1996). He became a tireless and effective advocate for poetry during his tenure as poet laureate from 1997 to 2000. With the sinuous sentences and long flowing lines of Tar (1983) and Flesh and Blood (1987), C.K. Williams perfected a narrative technique founded on distinctive voice, sharply etched emotion, and cleanly observed detail. He received the Pulitzer Prize for Repair (2000). Adrienne Rich’s work gained a burning immediacy from her lesbian feminism. The Will to Change (1971) and Diving into the Wreck (1973) were turning points for women’s poetry in the wake of the 1960s.


Rich, AdrienneAdrienne Rich, 1980.K. Kendall
That decade also enabled some older poets to become more loosely autobiographical and freshly imaginative, among them Stanley Kunitz, Robert Penn Warren, and W.S. Merwin. The 1960s invigorated gifted black poets such as Robert Hayden, Gwendolyn Brooks, and Michael S. Harper. It formed the background for the work of the young poets of the 1980s, such as Edward Hirsch, Alan Shapiro, Jorie Graham, Cathy Song, and Rita Dove, whose sequence about her grandparents, Thomas and Beulah, was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1987. Graham’s increasingly abstract and elusive work culminated in The Dream of the Unified Field (1995), selected from five previous volumes. The AIDS crisis inspired My Alexandria (1993) by Mark Doty, The Man with Night Sweats (1992) by Thom Gunn, and a superb memoir, Borrowed Time (1988), and a cycle of poems, Love Alone (1988), by the poet Paul Monette. With razor-sharp images and finely honed descriptive touches, Louisiana-born Yusef Komunyakaa emerged as an impressive African American voice in the 1990s. He wrote about his time as a soldier and war correspondent in Vietnam in Dien Cai Dau (1988) and received the Pulitzer Prize in 1994 for his volume of new and selected poems Neon Vernacular (1993). His poems were collected in Pleasure Dome (2001). Billy Collins found a huge audience for his engagingly witty and conversational poetry, especially that collected in Sailing Alone Around the Room (2001), published the year he became poet laureate.

Rita Dove in front of Thomas Jefferson's home, Monticello, near Charlottesville, Virginia, 1993.Eduardo Montes-Bradley

CONCLUSION

American writing about the Second World War reveals an impressive diversity of themes as well as discourses in all literary genres, traditional and experimental. The search for words which adequately present the war experience yields the most innovative results in the novels of the postmodernist writers, since they permit their readers –sometimes even force them – actively to participate in their characters’ attempts to make sense, more or less successfully, of events. The later texts of the 1960s and 1970s in particular include major works of the American postmodernist movement and set new standards for depicting historical events in a globalized context. Novelists writing in the traditional mimetic mode create characters with whom readers can identify, and often convincingly recreate “how it really was” – insofar as this is possible. The richness and power of poetic expression are likewise remarkable and, as in fiction, often serve as inspiration for poetic styles from the1960s to the 1980s. Americanauthors successfully rise to the challenge of sharing the experience of the most massive and chronic global war to date with their readers.
The post World War II period had an enormous impact on American society and literature. Many important events occurred and affected directly to the movement of American literature. During this period, American Literature reflected the movement of disillusionment, and portrayed the lost generation. Many WWII writers adapted new approaches and philosophies in writing their novels. They portrayed the lost generation, anti-war perspective and explored the true meaning of “war hero”. Among them, the pioneers are Bernard Malamud, Ken Kesey and Joseph Heller, who wrote the Natural, One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest, and Catch-22.
The Natural was Bernard Malamud’s first novel. Borrowing the mythological story of Fisher King and Waste Land legend, Malamud developed an appealing story about a baseball player named Roy Hobbs, whose natural talent had been discovered by a scout, Sam Simpson. On the train to Chicago, Roy met Max Mercy, Walter “Whammer”, and the mysterious Harriet Bird. At the stopover, Roy struck out Whammer. After this event, Harriet Bird was attracted by Roy’s God gift. However, in a Chicago room hotel, Harriet Bird mysteriously shot Roy after he failed to answer her question. Throughout the book, Malamud used the cycle of time to explain the continuous cycle of death and rebirth. Just like Roy defeated Whammer to become the newborn star, he brought rain and new hope to the New York Knights when he replaced Bump Baily. We can also see this cycle in the end of the story as later Roy was defeated by Youngberry.
Malamud symbolized his main character Roy Hobbs as Sir Perceval knight, who comes to Waste Land to deliver the Holy Grail and rescue Pop Fisher, the Fisher King of the novel.
Affected by World War II, they found a new direction and their works highlighted the inevitability of death and the circle of life. In the darkness, there is always existence of a hero who will rescue and give hope. The destruction of war also helped them to understand human conditions with weakness and fears of death. With the changes in modern society, Kesey and Heller emphasized their work on declining humanity and individualism of civilization machines. Also, the extreme power of institutions and bureaucracy restricts people from their free will and making their independent decisions.