|
AVERAGE 2014–2016 = 100
TOTAL
JAN
1990
JAN
1993
JAN
1996
JAN
1999
JAN
2002
JAN
2005
JAN
2008
JAN
2011
JAN
2014
JAN
2017
JAN
2020
DATA SOURCES: EUMOFA, INFOFISH, INFOPESCA, INFOYU, Statistics Norway.
SOURCE: FAO.
| 85 |
PART 1
WORLD REVIEW
between different species, both wild-caught
and farmed. Traditionally, cod and Alaska
pollock have dominated this segment, but
aquaculture producers of tilapia and Pangas
catfishes have successfully increased their
share of the global fish market, particularly in
the United States of America and more recently
in China. The Chinese tilapia industry, by far
the largest in the world, has been negatively
impacted by the imposition of tariffs on tilapia
imports by the United States of America, as
well as by a shift in development priorities
by the Government of China. Future export
growth is expected to come from other Asian
producers such as Indonesia as well as the
expanding Latin American industry. Viet Nam’s
expanding aquaculture sector continues
to account for almost all Pangas catfishes
traded internationally, although exporters
have become increasingly dependent on the
Chinese market to absorb additional supply.
Supplies of wild-caught marine groundfish
were lower overall in 2019 than in 2018, driving
prices higher for some species such as cod
(
Figure 35
). The continued increase in processing
costs in China has created incentives to
relocate processing to Europe, and to also
take advantage of the opportunity to reduce
transportation costs to European markets.
Tuna
Most canned tuna is destined for the markets
of the United States of America and the
European Union, while Japan is the world’s
largest importer of fresh and frozen tuna
in whole or loin form. Major imported-tuna
processing and re-export industries are located
in China, Ecuador, the Philippines, Spain
and Thailand. Raw material is sourced from
long-distance tuna fleets fishing regional
tuna stocks managed by regional fisheries
management organizations (RFMOs).
It comprises multiple species in the tropical
and subtropical latitudes of the Atlantic,
FIGURE 35
GROUNDFISH PRICES IN NORWAY
Frozen cod fillets
Fresh cod fillets
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
USD/KG
OCT
2013
JAN
2014
APR
2014
JUL
2014
OCT
2014
JAN
2015
APR
2015
JUL
2015
OCT
2015
JAN
2016
APR
2016
JUL
2016
OCT
2016
JAN
2017
APR
2017
JUL
2017
OCT
2017
JAN
2018
APR
2018
JUL
2018
OCT
2018
JAN
2019
APR
2019
JUL
2019
OCT
2019
JAN
2020
NOTE: Average Norwegian cod export prices in USD/kg, FOB Norway.
SOURCE: Norwegian Seafood Council.
| 86 |
THE STATE OF WORLD FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE
2020
while squid and cuttlefish are supplied
primarily by China, Viet Nam, Peru and India.
A large proportion of the Chinese catch is
harvested by its long-distance fleet. Octopus is
popular as an ingredient in a variety of dishes
than have become popular with modern
consumers, including Hawaiian poke (fish
salad) and Spanish-style tapas, while squid is
commonly featured on restaurant menus and
as a packaged frozen seafood in supermarkets.
Supplies of cephalopods, particularly of
octopus, have become increasingly scarce in
recent years as the productivity of important
octopus fisheries has declined, requiring
stringent management regimes. In recent years,
demand for cephalopods has been strong, with
prices increasing.
Bivalves
Bivalve molluscs include mussels, clams,
scallops and oysters. Today, aquaculture
is by far the dominant source of bivalve
Pacific and Indian Oceans. Bluefin and bigeye
tuna are typically used for sashimi and
sushi, while skipjack, albacore and yellowfin
are used in canned and other prepared and
preserved products. Canned tuna is marketed
and sold largely through consolidated
supermarket chains as an affordable food fish
item, while sashimi and sushi are targeted at
health-conscious consumers amid a general
increase in the popularity of Japanese cuisine
in international markets. In late 2019, a surplus
of tuna catches saw traded prices for tuna raw
material drop to record lows (
Figure 36
), which in
turn resulted in a drop in export revenues for
major processors, although prices recovered in
early 2020.
Cephalopods
Cephalopods form a class of molluscs that
includes octopus, squid and cuttlefish.
The Chinese and Moroccan fleets account for
the majority of octopus catches worldwide,
FIGURE 36
SKIPJACK TUNA PRICES IN ECUADOR AND THAILAND
Thailand
Ecuador
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
USD/KG
JAN
2009
JAN
2015
JAN
2014
JAN
2013
JAN
2012
JAN
2011
JAN
2010
JAN
2016
JAN
2017
JAN
2018
JAN
2019
JAN
2020
NOTE: Data refer to prices for 4.5–7.0 pounds (2.0–3.2 kg) of fish. For Thailand, c&f (cost and freight); for Ecuador, ex-vessel.
SOURCE: FAO GLOBEFISH.
| 87 |
PART 1
WORLD REVIEW
and markets is complex. Small pelagic stocks
often straddle multiple exclusive economic
zones (EEZs), and their movements are
significantly affected by climatic conditions.
As a result, quota negotiations can be
challenging, supply fluctuations are common,
and price volatility is high. In general, the
larger species such as mackerel, herring and
sardine are utilized for human consumption,
while smaller pelagics are more typically
converted into fishmeal or fish oil for use
as feed, mainly in aquaculture, but also for
livestock. Increasingly, however, these smaller
species, including Peruvian anchoveta are
also being marketed for human consumption
and for use in nutritional supplements.
The growing production of fishmeal in some
countries in West Africa, mainly destined for
exports, is leading to concerns about food
molluscs, and China is the largest supplier
by a significant margin. Demand for bivalves
has increased substantially over time, a
result of rising incomes worldwide but also a
consequence of the favourable characteristics
of bivalve species from a consumer perspective.
Responsible aquaculture production of bivalves
has a positive environmental impact and
significant nutritional benefits, in particular
in terms of providing micronutrients.
The sustained high prices for bivalves have
catalysed expansion of the bivalve aquaculture
industry in various regions.
Small pelagics, fishmeal and fish oil
Some of the most heavily traded small pelagic
species are mackerel, herring, sardine and
anchovy. Small pelagic fisheries are widespread
geographically, and the network of producers
FIGURE 37
FISHMEAL AND SOYBEAN MEAL PRICES IN GERMANY AND THE NETHERLANDS
Fishmeal
Soybean meal
0
400
800
1 200
1 600
2 000
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