The shadow economy

5.3. The shadow labour force in OECD countries.

OECD mamlakatlaridagi soya ishchi kuchi.
Table 12 shows estimates for the shadow economy labour force in a number of OECD countries (Austria, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Spain and Sweden). There are no reliable esti-mates beyond the end of the 1990s except where specific country studies have been undertaken (see above), and in some cases ranges have been suggested given the uncertainties involved in estimation. The shadow labour force is high relative to the formal labour force and has also generally increased. For example, in Denmark the shadow economy labour force grew from 8.3 per cent in 1980 to 15.4 per cent in 1997/98. In Germany, there was also a considerable rise, from 8-12 per cent in 1974 to 19-22 per cent in 199 7/98. Estimates of the shadow labour force in Italy vary from 30 to 48 per cent for 1997/98. Spain and Sweden also have very high values. In the EU as a whole about thirty million people were engaged in shadow economy activities in 1997/98 and in all European OECD countries it is estimated that 48 million people work illicitly. ³².
12-jadvalda bir qator OECD mamlakatlarida (Avstriya, Daniya, Fransiya, Germaniya, Italiya, Ispaniya va Shvetsiya) yashirin iqtisodiyotdagi ishchi kuchining hisob-kitoblari keltirilgan. 1990-yillarning oxiridan keyin ishonchli hisob-kitoblar mavjud emas, faqat mamlakat boʻyicha maxsus tadqiqotlar oʻtkazilgan (yuqoriga qarang) va baʼzi hollarda hisob-kitoblar bilan bogʻliq noaniqliklarni hisobga olish uchun diapazonlar taklif qilingan hollar bundan mustasno. Soya ishchi kuchi rasmiy ishchi kuchiga nisbatan yuqori va umuman olganda ham oshgan. Masalan, Daniyada yashirin iqtisodiyotda ishchi kuchining ulushi 1980 yildagi 8,3% dan 1997/98 yillarda 15,4% gacha o'sdi. Germaniya ham sezilarli o'sishni boshdan kechirdi, ya'ni 1974 yildagi 8-12% dan 1997/98 yillarda 19-22% gacha.Italiyada yer osti ishchi kuchining hisob-kitoblari 1997/98 yillarda 30 dan 48% gacha. Ispaniya va Shvetsiya ham juda yuqori qadriyatlarga ega. Umuman olganda, Evropa Ittifoqida 1997/98 yillarda o'ttiz millionga yaqin odam yashirin iqtisodiyot bilan shug'ullangan va OECDga a'zo barcha Evropa mamlakatlarida taxminan 48 million kishi noqonuniy ishlagan.


Table 12. Estimates of the size of the shadow economy labour force in selected OECD countries, 1974-98.
Tanlangan OECD mamlakatlaridagi yer osti ishchi kuchining hisob-kitoblari, 1974-1998 yillar.