The shadow economy

Size of non-observed economy (% of GDP)	Activities for which adjustments are made
Activities for which adjustments are made
A1 Non-registered producers	A2 Nonregistered identity of a producer	A3 No Requirement to register	A4 Non-registration due to old state		A5 Not captured by the stat. office	A6 Under-reporting of output	A7 Incorrect data
Australia	1.3			X				X	X
Austria	7.9	X		X	X		X	X	X
Belgium	3.0-4.0	X		X				X	X
Canada	Not stated	X	X	X				X	X
Czech Republic	4.6(E); 6.6(I); 9.3(O)	X	X	X	X		X	X	X
Estonia	9.6	X	X					X	X
Finland	Not stated	X		X				X
Germany	Not stated
Hungary	11.9	X	X	X				X	X
Ireland	4.0			X	X			X	X
Italy	14.8(L); 16.7(U)	X		X	X		X	X
Mexico	12.1		X	X
Netherlands	1.0							X	X
Norway	2.4(O);1.0(E)			X	X		X	X	X
Poland	15.7(O); 7.8(E)	X	X	X				X	X
Russia	24.3	X		X	X		X	X	X
Spain	11.2	X			X			X	X
Sweden	1.0		X					X	X
Turkey	1.66	X		X				X
UK	Not stated	X		X			X	X	X
US	0.8							X

Notes: The adjustments quoted are not necessarily for the same year, but they all relate to around the year 2000. O = according to output approach; E = according to expenditure approach; I = according to income approach; L = lower limit estimate; U = upper limit estimate. X means that an adjustment is made for this type of activity with the definitions relating to the definitions in the box on page 145.
Source: UN (2008), quoted in OECD (2011: 12, Table 2)


Table 26. National income figures and adjustments for the size of the shadow economy

Country	Official national income per head in PPP terms*	Official national income per head plus estimate of shadow economy	National income per head including shadow economy assuming adjustment had been made to published figures
USA	151.1	163.8	163.8
Sweden	130.9	150.1	148.7
Austria	129.7	140.1	129.8
UK	114.3	126.9	126.9
Japan	109.8	121.1	121.1
Ireland	103.0	116.2	111.7
Italy	100	121.2	105.6

*http://databank.worldbank.ora/databank/download/GNIPC.pdf

APPENDIX 2: The size of the shadow economy worldwide

Table 27 Size and development of the shadow economy of 162 countries (°/o of national income)

No.	Country	1999	2000	2001	2002	Years 2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	Country average
1	Albania	35.7	35.3	34.9	34.7	34.4	33.9	33.7	33.3	32.9	34.3
2	Algeria	34.2	34.1	33.8	33.3	32.5	31.7	31.1	31.0	31.2	32.5
3	Angola	48.8	48.8	48.4	47.4	47.3	47.1	45.0	44.0	42.1	46.5
4	Argentina	25.2	25.4	26.1	27.6	26.4	25.5	24.7	23.8	23.0	25.3
5	Armenia	46.6	46.3	45.4	44.5	43.9	43.6	42.7	42.1	41.1	44.0
6	Australia	14.4	14.3	14.3	14.1	13.9	13.7	13.7	13.7	13.5	14.0
7	Austria	10.0	9.8	9.7	9.8	9.8	9.8	9.8	9.6	9.5	9.8
8	Azerbaijan	61.0	60.6	60.3	60.0	59.1	58.6	56.7	54.0	52.0	58.0
9	Bahamas, The	26.3	26.2	26.4	26.5	27.0	27.4	26.7	26.2	26.2	26.5
10	Bahrain	18.6	18.4	18.2	18.0	17.8	17.4	17.1	-	-	17.9
11	Bangladesh	36.0	35.6	35.5	35.7	35.6	35.5	35.1	34.5	34.1	35.3
12	Belarus	48.3	48.1	47.9	47.6	47.0	46.1	45.2	44.2	43.3	46.4
13	Belgium	22.7	22.2	22.1	22.0	22.0	21.8	21.8	21.4	21.3	21.9
14	Belize	45.2	43.8	43.3	43.4	42.3	42.0	42.1	41.7	42.0	42.9
IS	Benin	51.2	50.2	49.8	49.6	49.3	49.5	49.8	49.6	49.1	49.8
16	Bhutan	29.6	29.4	29.2	29.1	28.7	28.7	28.3	28.2	27.7	28.8
17	Bolivia	67.0	67.1	67.6	67.7	67.7	66.9	64.3	62.8	63.5	66.1
18	Bosnia & Herzegovina	34.3	34.1	34.0	33.9	33.5	33.6	33.2	32.9	32.8	33.6
19	Botswana	33.9	33.4	33.2	33.3	33.0	32.8	32.7	32.3	31.9	32.9
20	Brazil	40.8	39.8	39.9	39.9	39.6	38.6	38.4	37.8	36.6	39.0

21

Brunei Darussalam

31.3

31.1

31.0

30.2