The shadow economy

Country	millions	% of official labour force	% of population
Informal national income as % of official national income
Bolivia	1.54	51.3	19.5	20.8
Brazil	37.40	49.2	22.5	n/a
Chile	2.40	40.0	16.2	15.7
Colombia	9.70	53.8	23.8	23.8
Ecuador	2.94	58.8	24.1	24.1
El Salvador	1.40	47.3	23.0	23.1
Guatemala	2.01	50.3	18.6	19.6
Paraguay	0.80	41.0	15.4	15.3
Peru	4.91	54.6	19.8	19.8
Average of 9 countries	7.0	49.6	20.3	20.3

Source: Schneider and Enste (2002: ch. 5), based on World Bank, World Development Indicators.
Schneider va Enste (2002: 5-ch.), Jahon banki, Jahon taraqqiyot ko'rsatkichlari asosida.
http://www.worldbank.org/html/extdr/reqions.htm


Table 17. Informal economy labour force in a selection of transition countries, 1998.
Tanlangan o'tish davridagi mamlakatlarda norasmiy iqtisodiyot ishchi kuchi, 1998 yil

Country	millions	% of labour force	% of population	Informal national income as % of official national income
Armenia	1.51	75.5	19.7	40.3
Bulgaria	2.52	63.0	30.4	30.7
Croatia	1.40	70.0	31.1	30.6
Georgia	1.10	36.7	20.4	20.1
Kazakhstan	2.80	40.0	17.9	18.9
Kyrgyzstan	0.80	40.0	17.0	17.5
Romania	4.70	42.7	20.9	20.9
Russian Federation	32.9	42.2	22.4	22.4
Slovenia	0.31	31.0	15.5	15.6
Average of all countries (unweighted)		49.0	23.9	24.1

% of labour force	% ish kuchi
% of population	aholining %
Informal national income as % of official national income	Rasmiy milliy daromadning ulushi sifatida norasmiy milliy daromad
Average of all countries (unweighted)	Barcha mamlakatlar bo'yicha o'rtacha (vaznsiz)

Source: Schneider and Enste (2002: ch. 5), based on World Bank, World Development Indicators.

Schneider va Enste (2002: 5-ch.), Jahon banki, Jahon taraqqiyot ko'rsatkichlari asosida.
http://www.worldbank.org/html/extdr/regions.htm


Developing and transition countries – latest research.
Rivojlanayotgan va o'tish davridagi iqtisodiyotlar - so'nggi tadqiqotlar.

There has been more recent work on the size and development of the informal economy labour force in developing and transition countries³⁷. For example, Kucera and Roncolato (2008: 321) deal with informal employment. They address issues of crucial importance to labour market policy. Informal employment in developing countries can be ‘voluntary’ in the same sense that it is voluntary in developed countries. In such cases, individuals who have opportunities in formal labour markets may choose to work in the informal economy to avoid social security contributions and so on. Others, however, may work informally because of the difficulties – especially perhaps in rural areas – of formalising employment relationships and registering businesses. The authors conclude that certain forms of labour market regulation cause informal employment, but do not suggest that all moves to reduce labour market regulation are necessarily beneficial.

So‘nggi paytlarda rivojlanayotgan va o‘tish davridagi mamlakatlarda norasmiy iqtisodiyot ishchi kuchining hajmi va rivojlanishini o‘rganish bo‘yicha ishlar olib borildi. Masalan, Kucera va Roncolato (2008: 321) norasmiy bandlikni ko'rib chiqadi. Ular mehnat bozori siyosati uchun muhim masalalarni hal qiladi. Rivojlanayotgan mamlakatlardagi norasmiy bandlik rivojlangan mamlakatlardagi kabi ma'noda "ixtiyoriy" bo'lishi mumkin. Bunday hollarda, rasmiy mehnat bozorida imkoniyatlarga ega bo'lganlar ijtimoiy sug'urta badallaridan qochish uchun norasmiy iqtisodiyotda ishlashni tanlashlari mumkin. Boshqalar esa mehnat munosabatlarini rasmiylashtirish va biznesni ro'yxatdan o'tkazish bilan bog'liq qiyinchiliklar (ehtimol, ayniqsa qishloq joylarida) tufayli norasmiy ishlashlari mumkin. Mualliflar mehnat bozorini tartibga solishning ayrim shakllari norasmiy bandlikni keltirib chiqaradi, degan xulosaga kelishadi, ammo mehnat bozorini tartibga solishning barcha bosqichlari albatta foydali deb hisoblamaydilar.
Table 18. Share of informal employment in total non-agricultural employment.
Qishloq xo'jaligidan tashqari sektordagi jami bandlikdagi norasmiy bandlikning ulushi.

Region	Average share of informal employment in total non-agricultural employment
	1985-89	1990-94	1995-99	2000-07
22 South and Middle American countries	32.4	35.4	40.3	50.1
34 Asian countries	55.9	60.4	65.4	70.2
42 African countries	40.3	47.1	52.4	60.5
21 transition countries	30.9	32.3	35.4	40.2

Sources: OECD (2009a: 34-5) and Charmes (2000); for the ILO, Women and Men in the Informal Economy, 2002; for the most recent period, Heintz and Chang (2007) for the ILO.
OECD (2009a: 34-5) va Charmes (2000); XMT uchun, Norasmiy iqtisodiyotdagi ayollar va erkaklar, 2002; so'nggi davr uchun, XMT uchun Heintz va Chang (2007).

Table 18 shows the share of informal employment in total non-agricultural employment by region. The share of informal employment has increased over time. For example, the share of informal employment in South and Central American countries in the period 1985-89 was 32.4 per cent, and this had increased by the period 2000-07 to 50.1 per cent. There were similar increases in Asia and Africa, It should be noted that these figures use total informal employment as the numerator (agricultural and non-agricultural) but only non-agricultural employment in the denominator, and thus the informal economy workforce as a proportion of the total workforce is smaller than the figures shown.

Table 18 shows the share of informal employment in total non-agricultural employment by region. The share of informal employment has increased over time. For example, the share of informal employment in South and Central America during the period 1985-1989 was 32.4 per cent, and by the period 2000-2007 it increased to 50.1 per cent. Similar growth has been observed in Asia and Africa. It should be noted that these figures use total informal employment (agricultural and non-agricultural) as the numerator and only non-agricultural employment as the denominator, and thus the share of the informal economy labor force in the total labor force is smaller than the figures given.
Table 19. Informal employment as a proportion of non-agricultural employment, by country, region and gender, 1990s and 2000s.
Mamlakat, mintaqa va jins bo'yicha qishloq xo'jaligidan tashqari bandlikning ulushi sifatida norasmiy bandlik, 1990 va 2000 yillar.

Region	1990–99 % (averages unweighted for countries for which data are available). Blank cells indicate no data available		2000–07 % (averages unweighted for countries for which data are available). Blank cells indicate no data available
	Women	Men	Women	Men
North Africa	43.3	49.3	38.6	47.2
Algeria	40.6	43.1
Morocco	46.8	44.0
Tunisia	39.2	53.2
Egypt	46.5	56.9	38.6	47.2
Sub-Saharan Africa	84.1	63.0	77.1	62.6
Benin	97.3	87.0
Chad	95.2	59.5
Guinea	86.7	65.6
Kenya	83.1	59.1
Mali			89.2	74.2
South Africa	58.4	43.6	64.9	51.0
Latin America	56.2	47.1	59.5	55.4
Bolivia	74.4	55.0
Brazil	67.3	54.7	52.3	50.2
Chile	43.9	30.9
Colombia	44.0	34.1
Costa Rica	48.0	42.1
Dominican Republic Ecuador	49.7	46.5	76.9	73.2
El Salvador	68.6	45.7
Guatemala	69.4	46.5
Honduras	65.5	73.6
Mexico	55.0	54.3	53.5	47.8
Panama	40.8	35.5	50.4	48.7
Peru			72.0	65.1
Venezuela	47.3	46.7	52.1	47.5
South and South-East Asia	72.7	70.2
India	85.7	82.9
Indonesia	77.2	78.0
Philippines	73.4	70.8
Thailand	54.3	49.1
West Asia	31.1	43.4	35.4	44.4
Lebanon			60.0	44.4
West Bank and Gaza Strip Syria	34.6	42.8	20.2	46.8
Turkey	19.1	29.1	32.2	33.4
Yemen	39.7	58.2	29.3	52.8
Transition countries			22.3	27.2
Kyrgyzstan			40.9	47.1
Moldova			18.4	28.0
Russia			7.6	9.6

1990–99 % (averages unweighted for countries for which data are available). Blank cells indicate no data available	1990–99% (maʼlumotlar mavjud boʻlgan mamlakatlar uchun oʻrtacha hisoblanmagan). Bo'sh hujayralar ma'lumotlar mavjud emasligini anglatadi
2000–07 % (averages unweighted for countries for which data are available). Blank cells indicate no data available	2000–07% (maʼlumotlar mavjud boʻlgan mamlakatlar uchun oʻrtacha hisoblanmagan). Bo'sh hujayralar ma'lumotlar mavjud emasligini anglatadi

Source: OECD (2009a: 47) and Charmes (2000); for the ILO, Women and Men in the Informal Economy, 2002; for the most recent period, Heintz and Chang (2007) for the ILO and for West Asia.
OECD (2009a: 47) va Charmes (2000); XMT uchun, Norasmiy iqtisodiyotdagi ayollar va erkaklar, 2002; so'nggi davr uchun, Xaynts va Chang (2007) XMT va G'arbiy Osiyo uchun.
Table 19 shows the proportion of informal employment in total non-agricultural employment by country, region and gender. The proportion of women in the informal economy in some regions is significantly higher than the proportion of men. In sub-Saharan Africa, for example, the proportion of women in the informal labour market is 84 per cent and that of men is 63 per cent. In general the proportion of informal employment is high worldwide in transition and developing countries. As noted, this is partly because of the limited ability of many businesses and individuals to formalise employment relationships so that informal employment essentially becomes the norm.
19-jadvalda qishloq xo'jaligidan tashqari umumiy bandlikdagi norasmiy bandlikning mamlakat, mintaqa va jinslar bo'yicha ulushi ko'rsatilgan. Ayrim hududlarda norasmiy iqtisodiyotda ayollarning ulushi erkaklarnikidan sezilarli darajada oshadi. Misol uchun, Afrikaning Sahroi Kabirdan janubida ayollar norasmiy mehnat bozorining 84 foizini va erkaklar uchun 63 foizini tashkil qiladi. Umuman olganda, dunyo miqyosida iqtisodiyoti o‘tish davridagi mamlakatlarda va rivojlanayotgan mamlakatlarda norasmiy bandlik ulushi yuqori. Ta'kidlanganidek, bu qisman ko'plab korxonalar va jismoniy shaxslarning mehnat munosabatlarini rasmiylashtirish imkoniyatlari cheklanganligi bilan bog'liq, shuning uchun norasmiy bandlik mohiyatan normaga aylanib bormoqda.