The Russian Federation Ministry of Education

3.2.2. Method of Generalization. Generalization is substitution of a word with more narrow meaning on the word with larger one. This method is opposite to the method of concretization.
# …but he wanted to be his own master and now in the last year of his articles he had broken away and taken this tiny flat. (Ch.11, p.102). - …но он захотел быть сам себе хозяином и сейчас, в последний год учения, отделился от семьи и снял эту крошечную квартирку. (С.82).
The word article as a noun has the meanings статья, параграф, пункт, соглашение, договор, вещь, предмет, артикль. The meaning договор suits more because there is also a verb article – отдавать по контракту в учение. Combined these meanings the translator extended the meaning of the word article and translated it as учение though this word has its own translation in English: studies, learning, and apprenticeship.
3.2.3. Method of antonymic translation. The essence of this method is replacement of affirmative construction with negative one and vice versa that is accompanied by corresponding lexical substitute of SL unit with its antonym in TL.
# “Oh, my love, don’t you know there isn’t anything in the world I wouldn’t do for you?...” (Ch.8, p.72). – “Ах, моя любовь, разве вы не знаете, что я сделала бы для вас все на свете!” (С.60).
# Julia wondered why servants stayed with them. (Ch.8, p.76). – Джулия не понимала, почему прислуга их не бросает. (С.62).
# “Oh, I know people always lie about their debts,” she said with a laugh. (Ch.14, p.129). – “О, я знаю, люди никогда не признаются, сколько они задолжали,” – сказала она со смехом. (С.101).
Metaphrase (or literal translation) of these sentences would contradict to stylistic norms of the Russian language and do them clumsy.
# He was a trifle excited – but that is not unusual with him. – Он был несколько взволнован, но он почти всегда такой.
Here we have litotes – an affirmative utterance in a negative form. Litotes is widespread in the English language owing to a good deal of negative prefixes. It can be translated literally not always as in the Russian language the negative не and the negative prefix не- coincide in sounding. The words with the prefix не- go rarely together with the negative particle не because of such combination is discordant.