The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion



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Who Really Cares.

60.


 Putnam and Campbell 2010, p. 461.

61.


 Ibid., p. 473.

62.


  Pape  2005.  The  reason  it’s  mostly  democracies  that  are  the

targets  of  suicide  terrorism  is  that  democracies  are  more

responsive  to  public  opinion.  Suicide  bombing  campaigns

against dictatorships are unlikely to provoke a withdrawal from

the terrorists’ homeland.

63.


 I acknowledge that such looser societies are a boon to those who

are  excluded  from  a  religious  moral  order,  such  as  gay  people

living in areas dominated by conservative Christians or Muslims.

64.


  Durkheim  1951/1897.  For  evidence  that  Durkheim’s

observations  about  suicide  rates  still  hold  true  today,  see

Eckersley and Dear 2002, and see the sharp spike in suicide rates

among  young  people  that  began  in  the  United  States  in  the

1960s,  as  anomie  increased.  (See 

www.suicide.org/suicide-

statistics.html.

)

65.



 Durkheim 1984/1893, p. 331.

66.


 I have given and justi ed this de nition in earlier publications,

including Haidt and Kesebir 2010.

67.

 Turiel 1983, p. 3, and see chapter 1.



68.

 I personally think that virtue ethics is the normative framework

that  ts human nature most closely. See Haidt and Joseph 2007

for a review.

69.

 I agree with Harris 2010 in his choice of utilitarianism, but with



two big di erences: (1) I endorse it only for public policy, as I

do  not  think  individuals  are  obligated  to  produce  the  greatest

total bene t, and (2) Harris claims to be a monist. He says that

what is right is whatever maximizes the happiness of conscious

creatures, and he believes that happiness can be measured with



objective techniques, such as an fMRI scanner. I disagree. I am a

pluralist,  not  a  monist.  I  follow  Shweder  (1991;  Shweder  and

Haidt 1993) and Berlin 2001 in believing that there are multiple

and  sometimes  con icting  goods  and  values,  and  there  is  no

simple  arithmeticical  way  of  ranking  societies  along  a  single

dimension.  There  is  no  way  to  eliminate  the  need  for

philosophical re ection about what makes a good society.

70.


 I am endorsing here a version of utilitarianism known as “rule

utilitarianism,”  which  says  that  we  should  aim  to  create  the

system and rules that will, in the long run, produce the greatest

total good. This is in contrast to “act utilitarianism,” which says

that we should aim to maximize utility in each case, with each

act.


71.

  I  grant  that  utilitarianism,  de ned  abstractly,  already  includes

Durkheim.  If  it  could  be  proven  that  Durkheim  was  correct

about  how  to  make  people  ourish,  then  many  utilitarians

would  agree  that  we  should  implement  Durkheimian  policies.

But  in  practice,  utilitarians  tend  to  be  high  systemizers  who

focus on individuals and have di culty seeing groups. They also

tend  to  be  politically  liberal,  and  are  therefore  likely  to  resist

drawing  on  the  Loyalty,  Authority,  or  Sanctity  foundations.  I

therefore think the term Durkheimian utilitarianism is useful as a

constant reminder that humans are Homo duplex, and that both

levels of human nature must be included in utilitarian thinking.




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